Genus: Siphoninus Silvestri

Nomenclature [Martin 1999: 101] [Silvestri 1915: 245-247]:

Siphoninus Silvestri

Aleyrodes Haliday [Haliday 1835: 119-120]

Biology [Martin 1999: 101]: Puparia normally oval-shaped, pale with shaded submedian regions of various degrees; dorsal disc covered with siphon-like glands usually apically rounded distributed from the submargin to a more complex disc array of the glands.

Distribution [Martin 1999: 23-24] [Quaintance & Baker, 1914]:

Taxonomy [Martin 1999: 23-24] [Quaintance & Baker, 1914]: Slide mounted specimens Outline. Normally oval-shaped & margin (smooth or crenulated), not deflexed. Margin. Thoracic tracheal margins not differentiated; caudal tracheal comb present. Dorsum. Dorsal disc covered with siphon-like glands of various length, unevenly distributed, and usually apically rounded. Vasiform orifice not elevated. Operculum often shorter than and exposes lingula.

Natural Enemies: See species list below

Related genera: Note that Binks-Moenen (1983) moved the African Siphoninus blanzyi Cohic into the Cohicaleyrodes genus. This is reflected in the list of species below since they possess the characteristic siphons similar of the genus, Siphoninus.

Spinal and siphon-like gland structures may be considered by some as similar homologous structures in Siphoninus and Xenaleyrodes [Martin, 1999]. Aleurothrixus antidesmae Takahashi has two pairs of siphon-like gland structures. Related to the Xenaleyrodes that differs in that the spines are submarginal only and the puparial margin deflexed. The stout spines should not be confused with robust dorsal disc setae (e.g. Aleurotuba).

***Intercepted in quarantine

Cohicaleyrodes blanzyi Cohic

Nomenclature [Binks-Moenen 1983] [Cohic, 1968 4'Note: 127-130]:

Cohicaleyrodes blanzyi Cohic, Binks-Moenen 1983

Siphoninus blanzyi Cohic 1968, synonymized by Binks-Moenen 1983.

Distribution [Cohic, 1968 4"Note: 127]: Afrotropical: Congo

Host [Cohic, 1968 4"Note: 127]: Rubiaceae: Bertiera

Siphoninus gruveli Cohic

Nomenclature [Cohic, 1968 3'Note: 50]:

Siphoninus gruveli Cohic

Distribution [Cohic, 1968 3'Note: 50]: Afrotropical: Chad

Host: Combretaceae: Combretum glutinosum

Siphoninus immaculatus (Heeger)

Nomenclature:

Siphoninus immaculatus (Heeger)

Aleyrodes immaculata (Heeger) [Heeger 1856:11-36]

Asterochitin immaculatus (Heeger) [Quaintance & Baker 1914: 105]

Trialeurodes immaculatus (Heeger) [Quaintance & Baker 1915]

Siphoninus heegeri Haupt 1935: 259

Siphoninus immaculata (Heeger) Trehan 1940: 601

Distribution: Palaearctic: Austria, Germany, Czeck Republic/Slovakian [Zahradnik 21963: 9), Hungary [Kirkady 1907: 58], Iran, Italy, Russia [Danzig 1964: 487], Sweden [Ossiniannilsson 1955: 197], United Kingdom [Douglas 1884: 215]

Host: Araliaceae: Hedera heli; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.

Natural Enemies: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Clithostethus arctuatus [Kirkady 1907: 58]; Diptera: Drosophilidae: Acletoxenus formosus [NHM, London]; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia elegans, E. ineron (Walker) [NHM, London], E. partenopea [Trehan 1940: 611]; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Clepsis consimilana (Hubner) [NHM, London]

Siphoninus phillyreae Holiday

NOMENCLATURE (Ash Whitely):

Siphoninus phillyreae Holiday

Aleyrodes phillyreae Holiday 1835: 110

Aleyrodes phillyreae Bouche 1851: 110

Aleyrodes dubia Heeger 1859: 223-226

Asterochitin dubius Heeger [Quaintance & Baker 1914:105]

Asterochitin phillyreae Holiday [Quaintance & Baker 1914:105]

Trialeurodes dubius Heeger [Quaintance & Baker 1915]

Siphoninus phillyreae Holiday [Silvestri 1915: 247]

Siphoninus finitimus Silvestri [Silvestri 1915: 247]

Trialeurodes inaequalis Gautier 1923: 339-345

Siphoninus granati Priesner & Hosni 1932: 1-7

Siphoninus dubiosa Haupt 1935: 259

Siphoninus phillyreae inaequalis Goux 1949: 11

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical [Martin 1999: 101]: Cameroons, Eritrea [Silvestri 1915:249], Sudan; Australasia [Martin 1999: 101]: Australia, New Zealand; Oriental: Nearctic [Martin 1999: 101]: USA (California): Neotropical [Martin 1999]: Mexico; Oriental: India, Pakistan [Martin 1999: 101]; Palaearctic: Austria [Zadradnik 1963: 91], Corsica, Cyprus, Czeck Republic?Slovakia [Zadradnik 1963: 91], France [Gautier 1923: 339], Germany [Zadradnik 1963: 91], Hungary [Zadradnik 1963: 91], India [Martin 1999: 101], Ireland [Haliday 1835: 119], Iran [Kirukhin 1947: 9], Italy [Gomez-menor 1943: 207], Libya, Morocco, Pakistan [Martin 1999]; Romania [Zadradnik 1963: 91], Russia [Danzig 1964: 487]: Saudi Arabia [NHM, London], Spain [Gomez-menor 1943: 207], Syria, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia

HOST: Fabaceae: Afzelia sp. [NHM, London]; Lythraceae [Martin 1999]: Punica granatum; Oleaceae: Fraxinus excelsior [Zadradnik 1963: 231], F. syriaca [Kirukhin 1947: 9], Olea chrysophylla [Silvestri 1915:249] [Goux 1949: 11], O. europea [Martin 1999] [Goux 1949: 11], Phillyrea latifolia [Haliday 1835: 119]; Rhamnaceae [Martin 1999]: Rhamnus alaternus [Douglas 1878: 232], Zyzyphus sp. [NHM, London]; Rosaceae [Martin 1999]: Crataegus mollis [NHM, London], C. monogyna [Zadradnik 1963: 231], C. oxyacantha [Mound 1966: 420], Cydonia oblonga [Habib & Farag 1970: 13], Mespilus sp. [Douglas 1878: 232], Prunus persica [Singh, 1931: 12, Pyrus communis [Mound 1966: 420], P. malus [Priesner & Hosni 1932: 7], P. sativa [Vishnya 1941: 11]; Rutaceae [Martin 1999]: Citrus

NATURAL ENEMIES: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Clitostehus arcuatus (Rossi) [Thompson 1964: 129, 133], Menochilus sexmaculatus, Menochilus sp. [Rao 1958: 334]; Diptera: Drosophilidae: Acletoxenus formosus [Thompson 1964: 133] [Thompson 1950: 105], Acletoxenus indicus: Hemiptera: Drapetis ghesquierei; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Coccophagus eliaphilus Silvestri [Thompson 1950: 105], Encarsia formosa [Martin 1999: 102], E. galilea, E. gautieri (Mercet) [Gomez-menor 1945: 197] [Nikolskaja & Jasnosh 1968: 35], E. inaron (Walker) [Graham 1976: 143], E. partenopea Masi [Thompson 1950: 105], E. punicae, Eretmocerus siphonini, Prospaltella sp [Thompson 1950: 105] [Thompson 1964: 129, 133] .

ECONOMIC INMPACT: Caused economic damage when first introduced into California (1988) and into New Zealand more recently.