Redlegged
Grasshopper
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Geographic range of Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) |
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Distribution
and Habitat
Economic
Importance
Food
Habits
Migratory
Habits
Identification
Hatching
Nymphal
Development
Adults
and Reproduction
Population
Ecology
Daily
Activity
Selected
References
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Distribution and Habitat
The redlegged grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer), ranges over most of North America except for high mountain altitudes and the frigid north. It is the most widely distributed species of the major crop grasshoppers. Its favorite habitats include tall vegetation of grasslands, meadows, crop borders, reverted fields, Conservation Reserve Program lands, and roadsides. It favors low moist weedy areas where its host plants abound.
Economic Importance
The redlegged grasshopper is a crop pest. During outbreaks of the species, it may severely damage alfalfa, clover, soybeans, and small grains. It has destroyed second crops of clover and has caused losses of 20 to 25 percent to individual fields of oats. In the eastern United States and Canada, it is the most abundant species of grasshopper. It becomes a pest not only of legumes and small grains but also corn, tobacco, and vegetables - especially beans, beets, cabbage, and potatoes. Large numbers develop in meadows and damage forage grasses. In laboratory tests the redlegged grasshopper ingested 25 percent of the foliage that it removed from six different host plants and wasted 75 percent. It is a medium-sized grasshopper. Collected from a roadside in Platte County, Wyoming, males averaged 289 mg live weight and females 389 mg (dry weight: males 87 mg and females 126 mg).
Food Habits
The redlegged grasshopper feeds on a wide variety of forbs and on several kinds of grasses. Depending on availability of host plants in the habitat, it may be either forbivorous or a mixed feeder ingesting significant amounts of both forbs and grasses. Known host plants consist of legumes (birdsfoot trefoil, white and yellow sweetclover, lespedeza, milkvetches, and alfalfa); composites (dandelion, chicory, Canada goldenrod, kochia, and western ragweed); and grasses (Kentucky bluegrass, barley, oats, wheat, smooth brome, Japanese brome, timothy, and reed canarygrass).
Experiments show that host plants vary in their capacity to provide good nutrition. Although alfalfa is readily eaten, a sole diet of this plant causes a high nymphal mortality of 70 to 90 percent. Of three plants- corn, lettuce, and radish-tested for growth and performance of nymphs and adults, lettuce yielded the most favorable results which included high survival of nymphs, heavy weight of adults, and high egg production. A mixed diet of the three plants provided the best nutrition. This fact is significant because analyses of crop contents show that the majority of individuals collected from natural habitats consume two or more plant species in a single meal. Laboratory observation of the redlegged grasshopper has revealed that newly hatched nymphs do not begin to feed until three or more hours after eclosion. During the prefeeding time nymphs in the field climb nearby vegetation. Later they feed on a host plant that they have climbed and on which they have come to rest.
Migratory Habits
The redlegged grasshopper has strong powers of flight that allow the adults to disperse and find new habitats. In years of drought, the adults develop longer wings, fly more, and make lengthy flights often in company with the migratory grasshopper.
The flight of flushed individuals is swift, even, and 3 or 4 feet above the vegetation. The insects generally fly distances of 30 to 40 feet.
Identification
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Figures 1-5. Appearance
of the nymphal instars, their sizes, structures, and color
patterns. Notice progressive development of wing pads. BL=body
length, FL=Hind Femur Length. AS=number of antennal segments
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Fig. 1,
First Instar: BL 4-5.6 mm FL 1.9-2.4 mm AS 12-14.
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Fig. 2,
Second Instar: BL 6.2-7.2 mm FL 3.1-3.4 mm AS 15-16.
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Fig. 3,
Third Instar: BL 7.4-9.7 mm FL 4.3-5.4 mm AS 17-19.
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Fig. 4,
Fourth Instar: BL 10-15.5 mm FL 7.2-9.0 mm AS 22-24.
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Fig. 5,
Fifth Instar: BL 16.5-22.5 mm FL 9.5-11.5 mm AS
24-26.
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Figures 6-10. Appearance
of the adult male and 2 females, cercus, and egg pod.
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Fig. 6,
Adult Male: BL 17.5-23 mm FL 10.5-13 mm AS
25-28.
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Fig. 7,
Adult Female: BL 24-28 mm
FL 14-14.5 mm AS 26-27.
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Fig. 8, Adult
Female: Uncommon blue form of redlegged grasshopper.
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Fig. 9, Side view
end of male abdomen.
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Fig. 10, Egg pod and
several loose eggs.
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Adults of the redlegged grasshopper are medium size and have a bright yellow underside and bright red hind tibia (Fig. 6 and 7). Rarely, the hind tibia is colored yellowish-green or blue (Fig. 8). The bulbous subgenital plate and the shape of the cercus (Fig. 9) are diagnostic characters of the male. The nymphs (Fig. 1-5) are strikingly marked yellow and black. They are identifiable from their spots and color patterns:
- Compound eye brown to burgundy with light yellow or tan spots, more spots on dorsal half than ventral; lacking transverse dark band.
- Front of head with dark vertical band in center; light yellow band on each side of the center band; the two yellow bands come together below on the clypeus.
- Gena with broad pale yellow crescent continuing on pronotal lobe to first abdominal segment and fading along the rest of abdomen.
- Dorsum of head to end of abdomen with median pale yellow stripe. Broad black stripe on either side of the median pale yellow stripe. Pronotal lobe with black band or markings below the yellow crescent.
- Hind femur with black stripe entire, not interrupted by pale band. Stripe fills upper medial area of hind femur except at proximal end. Stripe encroaches a third or more on the lower medial area.
- Hind tibia mainly pale yellow or pale gray, front black; tips of spines black.
- General color contrasting yellow and black.
Hatching
Eggs of the redlegged grasshopper begin to hatch three weeks after the eggs of the twostriped grasshopper. The period of hatching lasts approximately 52 days. Because females oviposit throughout the habitat in a scattered pattern, the eggs are subjected to a range of soil temperatures and moisture conditions.
Nymphal Development
Nymphal development begins in late spring and in early summer when host plants are usually green and succulent. In approximately 40 days the nymphs become adult, developing at rates approximately the same as the twostriped. When reared in cages at a constant temperature of 85°F, the redlegged requires a nymphal period of 28 days and the twostriped 29 days. Because of the extended period of hatching, some nymphal grasshoppers can be found nearly all summer long.
Adults and Reproduction
Adults of the redlegged grasshopper are active from early summer to the middle of fall. Although dispersal flights occur, most individuals stay close to where they hatch. There they feed, reproduce, and face many mortality factors throughout the summer. After fledging, caged females require a preoviposition period of 9 to 15 days at 86°F before beginning to lay eggs. In nature the females have been observed ovipositing into sod. The pods are distinctly curved, three-quarters to one inch long and one-eighth to three-sixteenth inch in diameter (Fig. 10). The top third is dried froth, the bottom two-thirds contain 20 to 26 eggs. The eggs are 4.1 to 4.4 mm long and pale yellow. Caged redlegged grasshoppers fed a nutritious mixed diet of green leaves produced 336 eggs per female. Under similar conditions twostriped grasshoppers produced 412 eggs per female. The redlegged grasshopper has one generation annually.
Population Ecology
Historical records from the late 1800s till the 1980s indicate that a center of distribution of the redlegged grasshopper is present in a 78,000 square mile area composed of sections of Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. A center is an especially favorable zone where the redlegged grasshopper is abundant and outbreaks are frequent. In such a distribution zone, populations respond quickly during spring and summer to reduced rainfall and warm temperatures. Within one to two years small populations may increase to outbreak numbers. Densities in these years reach peaks of 200 to 500 nymphs per square yard. Outbreaks last for two to three years until normal rainfall and cool spring temperatures reduce populations back to low noninjurious numbers. The periods of low densities range from two years to over five years.
In western states densities of the redlegged grasshopper fluctuate widely, apparently in response to annual changes in weather. Large populations develop in irrigated fields of alfalfa and along roadsides, particularly in patches of sweetclover. This species may also add considerably to the density of outbreak assemblages of the migratory, twostriped, and differential grasshoppers.
Daily Activity
The redlegged grasshopper is active during the day. At night adults roost on the tops of grasses and weeds. Close to 6:30 a.m. they begin to move from their perches and begin feeding about 7 a.m. Between 4:30 and 5 p.m. they start crawling up vegetation to roost. By 5:30 p.m. the majority are roosting and have settled down for the night. In marshes this grasshopper has been observed at times to feed between 8 p.m. and midnight. Correlations of these activities with temperature have not been made.
Selected References
Bailey, C. G. and M. K. Mukerji. 1976. Consumption and utilization of various host plants by Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and M. femurrubrum (DeGeer) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Can. J. Zool. 54: 1044-1050.
Bailey, C. G. and M. K. Mukerji. 1976. Feeding habits and food preferences of Melanoplus bivittatus and M. femurrubrum (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 108: 1207-1212.
Bellinger, R. G. and R. L. Pienkowski. 1987. Developmental polymorphism in the red-legged grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Envir. Entomol. 16: 120-125.
Bland, R.G. 1981. Survival and food detection by first-instar Melanoplus femurrubrum (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Great Lakes Entomologist 14: 197-204.
Cantrall, I. J. 1943. The ecology of the Orthoptera and Dermaptera of the George Reserve, Michigan. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 54
Drake, C. J. and G. C. Decker. 1938. Grasshopper outbreaks in Iowa. J. Econ. Entomol. 31: 583-586.
Gangwere, S. K. 1958. Notes on the feeding periodicity of various Orthoptera. Papers Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters 43: 119-132.
Larrimer, W. H. and A. L. Ford. 1922. The daily maximum feeding period of Melanoplus femurrubrum. Can. Entomol. 54: 141-143.
Mulkern, G. B., J. F. Anderson, M. A. Brusven. 1962. Biology and ecology of North Dakota grasshoppers. I. Food habits and preferences of grasshoppers associated with alfalfa fields. North Dakota Agr. Exp. Stn. Research Report 7.
Shotwell, R. L. 1938. Species and distribution of grasshoppers responsible for recent outbreaks. J. Econ. Entomol. 31: 602-610.