Dorsal view of a typical Haemaphysalis with identifying features of the genus arrowed (Copyright, US National Tick collection and Frank L. Ruedisueli & Brigitte Manship) (click on thumbnail for larger image).

Ventral view of a typical male Haemaphysalis with identifying features of the genus arrowed (Copyright, US National Tick collection and Frank L. Ruedisueli & Brigitte Manship) (click on thumbnail for larger image).

Number of species in genus

166 species (Barker & Murrell 2004)

Species list

H. aborensis Warburton, 1913
H. aciculifer Warburton, 1913
H. aculeata Lavarra 1904
H. adleri Feldman-Muhsam, 1951
H. anomala Warburton, 1913
H. anomaloceraea Teng & Cui, 1984
H. anoplos Hoogstraal, Uilenberg & Klein, 1967
H. aponommoides Warburton, 1913
H. asiatica (Supino, 1897)
H. atheruri Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965
H. bancrofti Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
H. bandicota Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1965
H. bartelsi Schulze, 1938
H. bequaerti Hoogstraal, 1956
H. birmaniae Supino, 1897
H. bispinosa Neumann, 1897
H. borneata Hoogstraal, 1971
H. bremneri Roberts, 1963
H. calcarata Neumann, 1902
H. calva Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
H. campanulata Warburton, 1908
H. canestrinii (Supino, 1897)
H. capricornis Hoogstraal, 1966
H. caucasica Olenev, 1928
H. celebensis Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965
H. chordeilis (Packard, 1869)
H. cinnabarina Koch, 1844CHAM
H. colasbelcouri (Santos Dias, 1958)
H. concinna Koch, 1844
H. cooleyi Bedford, 1929
H. cornigera Neumann, 1897
H. cornupunctata Hoogstraal & Varma, 1962
H. cuspidata Warburton, 1910
H. dangi Phan Trong, 1977
H. danieli Cerny & Hoogstraal, 1977
H. darjeeling Hoogstraal & Dhanda, 1970
H. davisi Hoogstraal, Dhanda & Bhat, 1970
H. demidovae Emel'yanova, 1978
H. doenitzi Warburton, & Nuttall, 1909
H. elliptica (Koch, 1844)
H. elongata Neumann, 1897
H. erinacei Pavesi, 1884
H. eupleres Hoogstraal, Kohls & Trapido, 1965
H. filippovae Bolotin, 1979
H. flava Newmann, 1987
H. formosensis Neumann, 1913
H. fossae Hoogstraal, 1953
H. fujisana Kitaoka, 1970
H. garhwalensis Dhanda & Bhat, 1968
H. goral Hoogstraal, 1970
H. grochovskajae Kolonin, 1992
H. heinrichi Schulze, 1939
H. himalaya Hoogstraal, 1966
H. hirsuta Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1966
H. hispanica Gil Collado, 1938
H. hoodi Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
H. hoogstraali Kohls, 1950
H. houyi Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
H. howletti Warburton, 1913
H. humerosa Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
H. hylobatis Schulze, 1933
H. hyracophila Hoogstraal, Walker & Neitz, 1971
H. hystricis Supino, 1897
H. ias Nakamura & Yajima, 1937
H. indica Warburton, 1910
H. indoflava Dhanda & Bhat, 1968
H. inermis Birula, 1895
H. intermedia Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
H. japonica Warburton, 1908
H. juxtakochi Cooley, 1946
H. kadarsani Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1977
H. kashmirensis Hoogstraal & Varma, 1962
H. kinneari Warburton, 1913
H. kitaokai Hoogstraal, 1969
H. koningsbergeri Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
H. kopetdaghica Kerbabaev, 1962
H. kutchensis Hoogstraal & Trapido, 1963
H. kyasanurensis Trapido, Hoogstraal & Rajagopalan, 1964
H. lagostrophi Roberts, 1963
H. lagrangei Larrousse, 1925
H. laocayensis Phan Trong, 1977
H. leachi (Audouin, 1826)
H. lemuris Hoogstraal, 1953
H. leporispalustris (Packard, 1869)
H. lobachovi Kolonin, 1995KR,
H. longicornis Neumann, 1901
H. luzonensis Hoogstraal & Parrish, 1968
H. madagascariensis Colas-Belcour & Millot, 1948
H. mageshimaensis Saito & Hoogstraal, 1973
H. megalaimae Rajagopalan, 1963
H. megaspinosa Saito, 1969
H. menglaensis Pang, Chen & Xiang, 1982
H. minuta Kohls, 1950
H. mjoebergi Warburton, 1926
H. montgomeryi Nuttall, 1912
H. moreli Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1972
H. moschisuga Teng, 1980,
H. muhsamae Santos Dias, 1954
H. nadchatrami Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965
H. nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962
H. nesomys Hoogstraal, Uilenberg & Klein, 1966
H. norvali Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1983
H. novaeguineae Hirst, 1914
H. obesa Larrousse, 1925
H. obtusa Donitz, 1910
H. orientalis Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
H. ornithophila Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1959
H. palawanensis Kohls, 1950
H. papuana Thorell, 1883
H. paraleachi Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1983
H. paraturturis Hoogstraal, Trapido & Rebello, 1963
H. parmata Neumann, 1905
H. parva Neumann, 1897
H. pavlovskyi Pospelova-Shtrom, 1935
H. pedetes Hoogstraal, 1972
H. pentalagi Pospelova-Shtrom, 1935
H. petrogalis Roberts, 1970
H. phasiana Satto, Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1974
H. pospelovashtromae Hoogstraal, 1966
H. primitiva Teng, 1982
H. psalistos Hoogstraal, Kohls & Parrish, 1967
H. punctaleachi Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1973
H. punctata Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878
H. quadriaculeata Kolonin, 1992
H. qinghaiensis Teng, 1980
H. ramachandrai Dhanda, Hoogstraal & Bhat, 1970
H. ratti Kohls, 1948
H. renschi Schulze, 1933
H. roubaudi Toumanoff, 1940
H. rugosa Santos Dias, 1956
H. rusae Kohls, 1950
H. sambar Hoogstraal, 1971
H. sciuri Kohls, 1950
H. semermis Neumann, 1901
H. shimoga Trapido & Hoogstraal, 1964
H. silacea Robinson, 1912
H. silvafelis Hoogstraal & Trapido, 1963
H. simplex Neumann, 1897
H. simplicima Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1979
H. sinensis Zhang, 1981
H. spinigera Neumann, 1897
H. spinulosa Neumann, 1906
H. subelongata Hoogstraal, 1953
H. subterra Hoogstraal, El Kammah & Camicas, 1992
H. sulcata Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878
H. sumatraensis Hoogstraal, El Kammah, Kadarsan & Anastos, 1971
H. sundrai Sharif, 1928
H. suntzovi Kolonin, 1993
H. susphilippensis Hoogstraal, Kohls & Parrish, 1968
H. taiwana Sugimoto, 1936
H. tauffliebi Morel, 1965
H. theilerae Hoogstraal, 1953
H. tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965
H. tiptoni Hoogstraal, 1953
H. toxopei Warburton, 1927
H. traguli Oudemans, 1928
H. traubi Kohls, 1955
H. turturis Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
H. verticalis Itagaki, Noda & Yamaguchi, 1944
H. vidua Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
H. vietnamensis Hoogstraal & Wilson, 1966
H. warburtoni Nuttall, 1912
H. wellingtoni Nuttall & Warburton, 1908
H. xinjiangensis Teng, 1980
H. yeni Toumanoff, 1944
H. zumpti Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1974

Identifying features of genus

Adults

• Anal groove: Present and embracing the anus posteriorly 
• Eyes:  Absent
• Festoons:  Present and numbering 9 or 11 
• Basis capituli:   Usually sub rectangular
• Ornamentation:  Inornate
• Palpi:  Short and conical, usually with article 2 extending laterally beyond the basis
• Trochanter 1: With broad spur 
• Ventral plates (males only): Absent

Nymphs

Larvae

• Anal groove : Absent
• Palpi: Palps short with femur (article 2) and genu (article 3) fused, article 2 often extended laterally 
• Lateral large wax glands:    Present and located between setae s5 (Md2) and s 6 (Md3)
• Festoons: Present and numbering 11 
• Eyes: Absent
• Post hypostomal setae: 1 pair

Species occuring in New Zealand

H. longicornis (introduced)

Species that are considered to be a risk

No high risk species have been identified to date.  However, it is important to note that the only anthropogenically introduced tick species in New Zealand is a Haemaphysalis species.

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Species previously intercepted at border

Region of origin/species

Australia: H. longicornis, H. bancrofti

Africa/South Africa: H. leachi

General comments

Although Haemaphysalis specimens intercepted at New Zealands border usually originate from Australia, the movement of goods, companion animals and humans from Asia represents a significant risk pathway.  In general members of this genus are,

• Widely distributed in the old world (espcially Asia) andAustralia
• Hosts of adults are mammals or birds; Immatures feed on the same hosts or more rarely on reptiles
• Vectors of a range of pathogens

Useful references

Arthur DR 1963. British ticks.  Butterworths, London.  213 pp.

Barker SC & Murrell A  2004.  Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names.  Parasitology, 129: S15-S36.

Camicas, JL, hervy JP, Adam, F & Morel PC 1998.  Les Tiques de Monde.  Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition.  The ticks of the world.  Nomenclature, described stages, hosts, distribution (Acarida, Ixodida). France , Orstom Editions.

Hillyard PD  1996.  Ticks of north-west Europe. Synopsses of the British fauna (new series). No 52.  Published for the linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association by Field Studies Council Publications, Montford Bridge, UK 178 pp. 

Horack IG, Camicas, J-L & Kierans, JE 2002. The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida): a world list of valid tick names.  Experimental and Applied Acarology, 28: 27-54.