Mesostigmata

Superorder Parasitiformes

Order Mesostigmata

Suborders: Sejida, Trigynaspida, Monogynaspida

 

Common names: mesostigmatans, mesostigmatid mites, mesostigmatic mites

 

Probability of Encounter: very high

 

Quarantine importance: High, including many species parasitic on mammals, birds, reptiles and social insects such as bees (e.g. varroa, Tropilaelaps), predatory mites used in biocontrol, flower mites, stored product predators, and predatory soil mites

 

Diagnosis. Very small (0.12 mm long) to large (4 mm) mites with a pair of stigmatal openings above legs III-IV usually associated with a peritrematal groove; gnathosoma with a sclerotized ring, the basis capitulum, that encompasses the bases of the chelicerae; palps with 5 (rarely 4) free segments and usually with a subdistal palp apotele; subcapitulum usually with a median groove with transverse rows of 1-many denticles; horn-like, bifurcate to membranous corniculi typically present; flagellate tritosternum present except in a few parasites; coxae freely articulating with body; chelicerae 3-segmented; without prodorsal trichobothria; intercoxal region with sternal and genital shield elements; development: hexapod larva (feeding or non-feeding) and two octopod nymphal stages (protonymph, deutonymph) bearing usually lightly sclerotized dorsal, intercoxal and ventral plates; genital opening not expressed until adult stage; males never with a aedeagus, but often with chelicerae modified for sperm transfer (spermatodactyl, spermatotreme); female sperm receiving structure primary or secondary.

 

Similar mites.  Holothyrans and soft ticks have lateral stigmatal openings, but holothyrans lack the basis capitulum and ticks have a denticulate hypostome.  Some Heterostigmatina are similar in shape and coloring to small mesostigmatans, but will have capitate trichobothria and a gnathosomal capsule.

 

Ecology & Distribution.  Cosmopolitan.  Although most species are free-living predators (including the members of the Phytoseiidae and Laelapidae used in biological control), the Dermanyssoidea contains numerous lineages parasitic on vertebrates and large or social arthropods.  Many are phoretic on insects as deutonymphs or inseminated adult females.  A few lineages have colonized flowers where they feed on pollen and nectar, and some species feed on fungi.  With rare exceptions, most mesostigmatans are fluid-feeders.

 

References

Evans EO and Till WM.  1979.  Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes).  An introduction to their external morphology and classification.  Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35 (2): 145-270.

Gilyarov MS & Bregatova NG (eds)  1977.  Handbook for the Identification of Soil-inhabiting Mites, Mesostigmata.  Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences: Petrograd [In Russian]

Johnston, D.E.  1982.  Mesostigmata.  In: Parker, S.P. (ed.)  Synopsis and classification of living organisms.  McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 112-116.

Karg, W.  1993.  Teil 59.  Acari (Acarina), Milben Parasitiformes (Anactinotrichaeta) Cohors Gamasina Leach.  Raubmilben.  Gustav Fischer Verlag: New York.  523 pp. [In German]

Krantz GW.  1978.  A Manual of Acarology.  OSU Bookstores: Corvallis.

Krantz, GW & Ainscough, B.  1990.  Mesostigmata.  pp. 583-665, in DL Dindal (ed) Soil Biology Guide.  John Wiley & Sons: Brisbane.

Walter DE and Proctor HC.  1999.  Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. University of NSW Press, Sydney and CABI, Wallingford.