Paraleyrodes Quaintance Data Sheet

Nomenclature: Paraleyrodes Quaintance, 1909: 169-170 [Martin 2006: 35-47] [Caballero, 1992: 79]

Biology: Some species known as the nesting whitefly and suspected as being vectors of plant viruses. All are considered tropical [Caballero, 1992: 79]. Puparia and larvae secrete long waxy filaments that often form an annular nest surrounding the insect.

Distribution: Predominantly New World [Caballero, 1992: 79] but some species occur in Asia, Middle East, and the Pacific.

Taxonomy: Terminal claw present on each leg. Row of 14 pairs of submarginal setae; pair of submedian cephalic setae present, but thoracic ones wanting.

With 5 to six pairs of compound pores including a pair on the cephalothoracic region; the cephalic and posterior four abdominal compound pore pairs usually significantly larger; anterior two abdominal compound pores on segments III and if present, IV reduced; Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaintance) with only one reduced compound pore for a total of five, not six, abdominal compound pores.

Compound pores with spinneret cells & splines (a series of long, elongate, radiating processes, like spokes of a wheel) normally present but may be reduced in the first two abdominal compound pores. For three species, distinctive flower petal-shaped ovoid cellular facets of the outer annulus replace these rod-shaped splines.

Discoidal pore(s) present between most compound pores and midline. two pairs of cicatrices present on thorax that scars of thoracic compound pores found in earlier nymph stages.

Submedian pair of setae present on the cephalic region, but absent on the thoracic segments; outer submargin with 14 pairs of hairlike setae including the caudal pair.

lingula is large, protruding, and exserted (glossary definition) with 2 pairs of setae.

Natural Enemies [Kairo et al, 2001][Caballero, 1992: 81][Teran, 1989][Teran & Frias, 1984][Dozier 1933]: Nephaspis coccois Gordon & N. picturata Gordon (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: aphelinidae), E. variegata Howard; Metaphycus sp (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae); Amitus sp (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae).

Related genera: No other genera with compound pores have the first two abdominal compound pores reduced, stylized central lumen, and the presence of splines or flower pedal-shaped facets.

Paraleyrodes ancora sp. nov.

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes ancora sp. nov. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 63].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Belize & Nicaragua [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 64].

HOST: Arecaceae; Asteraceae: Lisianthaea sp. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 64]; Dilliniaceae: Tetracera sp.[Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 64]; Lauraceae: Persea americana [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 64]; Moraceae: Brosimum & Trophis [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 64]; Polygonaceae: Coccoloba belizensis.

NATURAL ENEMIES: Unknown.

Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi

NOMENCLATURE :

Paraleyrodes bondari Perrachi [Perrachi, 1971: 146-148][Martin, 1996: 1856].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaii [Kumashiro & Martin 2004 personal communication], Taiwan [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65]; Nearctic: USA (California & Florida) [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65]; Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65], Brazil [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65][Perrachi, 1971: 146-148][Martin, 1996: 1856], Honduras [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65], Venezuela [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65]; Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65][Martin, 1996: 1856][Martin, 2000][S.E.L.], Comoro Archipelago [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65]; Mauritius [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65]; Reunion Island [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65][Martin, 2000][S.E.L.].

HOST: Bromeliaceae: Appolonius barbujana [Martin, 1996: 1856]; Lauraceae: Ocotea foetens [Martin, 1996: 1856], Persea americana [Martin, 1996: 1856]; Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Kumashiro & Martin, 2004 email message]; Myrtaceae: Eugenia uniflora [Martin, 1996: 1856]; Rutaceae: Citrus [Perrachi, 1971: 146-148] Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata, C. limon [Martin, 1996: 1856].

NATURAL ENEMIES [Peracchi, 1971]: in Brazil include Chrysopidae ( Neuroptera) and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) .

Paraleyrodes cervus sp. nov.

NOMENCLATURE (only adult male described):

Paraleyrodes cervus sp. nov. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65].

HOST: Bignonaceae: indet. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65]; Piperaceae: Piper sp. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 65].

NATURAL ENEMIES: Unknown.

RELATED SPECIES: The adult aedeagus structure is closer to that of Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino.

Paraleyrodes citri Bondar

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes citri Bondar [Bondar, 1931: 24].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [S.E.L.], & USA (Texas) [S.E.L.]. Neotropical: Brazil [Bondar, 1931: 24][S.E.L.] & Panama [S.E.L.].

HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Bondar, 1931: 24].

NATURAL ENEMIES [Meyerdirk et al., 1980]: Delphastus pusillus (LeConte) & Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

Paraleyrodes citricolus Costa Lima

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes citricolus Costa Lima [Costa Lima, 1928: 136].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Martin, 1996: 1856][S.E.L.]; Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Martin, 1996: 1856], Brazil [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Costa Lima, 1928: 136][Martin, 1996: 1856][S.E.L.], Colombia [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Martin, 1996: 1856][S.E.L.], Costa Rica [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Martin, 1996: 1856][S.E.L.], Ecuador [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Martin, 1996: 1856], El Salvador [S.E.L.], Guatemala [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Martin, 1996: 1856][S.E.L.], Panama [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Martin, 1996: 1856][S.E.L.], & Uruguay [S.E.L.]; Palaearctic: Azores [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66], Madeira Islands [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 66][Martin, 1996: 1856].

HOST: Lauraceae: Persea americana [Martin, 1996: 1856]; Rutaceae: Citrus spp [Costa Lima, 1928: 136][Martin, 1996: 1856].

Paraleyrodes crateraformans Bondar

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes crateraformans Bondar [Bondar, 1922: 85]

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Bondar, 1923: 99][S.E.L.], Colombia [S.E.L.], Domenica [S.E.L.].

HOST [Bondar, 1923: 99]: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera; Sapotaceae: Achras sapota; Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao.

Paraleyrodes goyobae (Goldi)

NOMENCLATURE .:

Paraleyrodes goyobae (Goldi) [Bondar, 1923: 93][ Baker & Moles, 1923: 624-625].

Aleyrodes goyobae (Goldi) [Goldi, 1886: 248-249].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [S.E.L.]. Neotropical: Bahamas [S.E.L.], Barbados [Schotman, 1989], Brazil [Goldi, 1886: 248-249][S.E.L.], Haiti [S.E.L.].

HOST: Chrysobalanaceae: Licania tomentosa [Bondar, 1923: 93]; Lauraceae: Persea americana [Goldi, 1886: 248-249][Schotman, 1989][CPC, 2003] & Persea gratissima [Bemis, 1904: 505]; Myrtaceae: Psidium guavaje [Goldi, 1886: 249]; Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Costa Lima, 1968: 111].

NATURAL ENEMIES [Thompson, 1950]: Encarsia sp. (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae).

Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino ***

NOMENCLATURE [Martin et al, 1997][Martin et al, 2000: 440]:

Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino [Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149][Martin, 1996: 1856]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Nearctic: Bermuda [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin, 1996: 1858][Martin et al, 2000: 440], Mexico [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin, 1996: 1858][Martin et al, 2000: 440][S.E.L.], USA [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin, 1996: 1858][Martin et al, 2000: 440](California [S.E.L.], Florida, & Texas [S.E.L.]). Neotropical: Belize [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin, 1996: 1858] [Martin et al, 2000: 440], Bermuda [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Guatemala [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin et al, 2000: 440], Honduras [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], & Puerto Rico [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Oriental: Hong Kong [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67]; Palaearctic: Israel [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Lebanon [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin et al, 2000: 440], Morocco [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67], Spain [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin, 1996: 1858][Martin et al, 2000: 440], Syria [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][[Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149][Martin, 1996: 1858][Martin et al, 2000: 440], & Turkey [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67][Martin et al, 2000: 440].

HOST: Annonaceae [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]: Annona glabra; Araceae [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]: Anthurium sp., Syngonium podophyllum; Arecaceae: Chamaedorea sp. [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Cocos nucifera [Martin et al, 2000: 440], Elaeis guineensis [Martin et al, 2000: 440], Ptychosperma elegans [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]; Asteraceae: Lasianthaea fruticosa [Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Euphorbiaceae [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]: Cnidoscolus chayamansa [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Lauraceae: Nectandra coriacea [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Persea americana [Martin et al, 2000: 440], P. borbonia [Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajave [Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Piperaceae: Piper sp. [Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Polygonaceae Persea americana [Martin et al, 2000: 440]: Coccoloba diversifolia, C. uvifera; Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]; Rubiaceae: Guettarda combesii [Martin et al, 2000: 440]; Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Citrus aurantium [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149][Martin et al, 2000: 440][Martin, 1996: 1858], Citrus limon [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Climent and Vivas, 1992][Martin, 1996: 1858], Citrus sinensis [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]; Solanaceae: Lycopersicon sp. [Garcia et al, 1992][Martin, 1996: 1858]

NATURAL ENEMIES [Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149][Fulmek, 1943][Evans Collection]: Clitostethus arctuatus (Rossi) & Serangium parcesetosum (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia domenicana Evans & Serra, E. parvella group, E. sp., E.variegata Howard; Neuroptera, Chrysopidae.

Paraleyrodes naranjae Dozier***

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes naranjae Dozier, 1927: 854.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico [Dozier, 1927: 854][S.E.L.].

HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus.

NATURAL ENEMIES [Paulson & Kumashiro, 1985][Fulmek, 1943][Dozier, 1933]: Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia variegata Howard (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae).

Paraleyrodes perplexus sp. nov.

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes perplexus sp. nov. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 67].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 68].

HOST: Asteraceae: indet. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 68]; Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 68]; Piperaceae: Piper ycatanense. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 68].

NATURAL ENEMIES: Unknown.

Paraleyrodes proximus Teran

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes proximus Teran [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69][Teran, 1979: 170-174].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69][Teran, 1979: 170-174]., Belize [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69], Guatemala [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69], Nicaragua [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69], Peru [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69].

HOST: Asteraceae: indet. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 68]; Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 68]; Piperaceae: Piper ycatanense. [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 68].

NATURAL ENEMIES: Unknown.

TAXONOMY: [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69][Teran, 1979: 170-174]: Only can be identified by the adult male aedeagus. The puparia are unsafe to identify without the adult males.

RELATED GENERA: Puparia similar to P. goyobae (Goeldi) that was poorly described.

Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaintance) ***

NOMENCLATURE :

Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaintance).

Aleyrodes perseae Quaintance [Quaintance 1900: 32-33].
Aleurodicus perseae (Quaintance) [Cockerell, 1903: 663].

Distribution [Martin 2006: 35-47]: Australasian: Philippines, & Hawaii . Nearctic: Mexico [Sampson & Drews], & USA (Florida [Quaintance 1900: 32-33], Georgia, Missouri). Neotropical: Nicaragua, Venezuela [Arnal et al: 1993: 377].

Host: Adoxaceae: Viburnum [Martin 2006: 35-47] ; Apocynaceae: Plumeria [Martin 2006: 35-47]; Araceae: Anthurium [Martin 2006: 35-47] ; Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Quaintance & Baker, 1916: 470]; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Martin 2006: 35-47], Laurus [Martin 2006: 35-47], Persea americana [Martin 2006: 35-47] [Quaintance & Baker, 1916: 470][Arnal et al: 1993: 377], Persea carolinensis [Quaintance & Baker 1900: 33][Quaintance, 1909], Persea gratissima [Quaintance & Baker 1913: 83]; Myrtaceae [Martin 2006: 35-47] : Myrica, Psidium; Piperaceae [Martin 2006: 35-47]: Piper; Rutaceae: Citrus [Martin 2006: 35-47] [Sampson & Drews, 1941: 155].

Natural Enemies [Viggiani, 1986][Muma et al., 1975][Fulmek, 1943][Dozier, 1933][Petch, 1921]: Aschersonia aurantiaca (Anamorphic Fungi); Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia variegata Howard (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae).

Paraleyrodes pseudonaranjae Martin ***

NOMENCLATURE [Martin, 2001]:

Paraleyrodes pseudonaranjae Martin.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hong Kong [Martin, 2001][S.E.L.], Hawaii [Martin, 2001][S.E.L.]. Nearctic: Florida [Martin, 2001][S.E.L.].

HOST [Martin, 2001]: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica; Annonaceae: Annona glabra; Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum; Ericacaeae: Rhododendron pulchrum; Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia tomentosa; Rubiaceae: Morinda citrifolia, Randia spinosa; Rutaceae: Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisii.

Paraleyrodes pulverans Bondar

NOMENCLATURE :

Paraleyrodes pulverans Bondar, 1923: 98.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Barbados [S.E.L.], Brazil [Bondar, 1923: 98][S.E.L.] & Guadalupe [S.E.L.].

HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Bondar, 1923: 98][Mound & Halsey, 1978]; Meliaceae: Guarea trichiloides [Bondar, 1923: 98][Costa Lima, 1928: 135]; Rubiaceae: Chomelia oligantha [Bondar, 1923: 98].

Paraleyrodes singularis Bondar

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes singularis Bondar [Bondar, 1923: 97].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Bondar, 1923: 97][S.E.L.], Colombia [S.E.L.], Panama [S.E.L.], Trinidad & Tobago [S.E.L.].

HOST [Bondar, 1923: 97]: Chrysobalanaceae: Licania tomentosa; Fabaceae: Inga sp.; Myrtaceae: Myriciaria jaboticuba; Rutaceae: Citrus.

Paraleyrodes triungulae sp. nov.

NOMENCLATURE [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69]:

Paraleyrodes triungulae sp. nov. .

DISTRIBUTION [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69]: Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69].

HOST [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69]: Rubiaceae: Guettarda combesii [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69].

TAXONOMY [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69]: Description based on the adult male aedeagus. One pupa similar to P. bondari Perrachi, but association to adult is unknown.

RELATED SPECIES [Martin 2004 Zootaxa: 69]: Adult male similar to the aedeagus of P. pseudonaranjae Martin and P. perplexus sp. nov.. But they display more differences.

NATURAL ENEMIES: Unknown.

Paraleyrodes urichii Quaintance & Baker***

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraleyrodes urichii Quaintance & Baker, 1913.: 83-84.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Antigua [S.E.L.], Barbados [Schotman, 2989][S.E.L.], Brazil [Quaintance & Baker, 1913.: 83-84]:, Chile [S.E.L.], Dominican Republic [S.E.L.], Colombia [S.E.L.], Guadalupe [Ettienne, J, Quiot, J. & Russell, 1991: 3], Jamaica, Martinique [S.E.L.], Puerto Rico [S.E.L.], Trinidad [S.E.L.], & Venezuela [S.E.L.].

HOST [Quaintance & Baker, 1913.: 83-84]: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera; Fabaceae: Caesalpina, Pithecellobium; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajave [CPC, 2003]; Rutaceae: Citrus [CPC, 2003]; Verbenaceae: .Citharexylum.

NATURAL ENEMIES [Viggiani, 1989]: Encarsia meritoria Group