Genus: Siphoninus Silvestri
Nomenclature [ Martin 1999: 101] [ Silvestri 1915: 245-247] :
Siphoninus Silvestri
Aleyrodes Haliday [ Haliday 1835: 119-120
Biology [ Martin 1999: 101] : Puparia normally oval-shaped, pale with shaded submedian regions of various degrees; dorsal disc covered with siphon-like glands usually apically rounded distributed from the submargin to a more complex disc array of the glands.
Distribution [ Martin 1999: 23-24] [ Quaintance & Baker, 1914] :
Taxonomy [ Martin 1999: 23-24] [ Quaintance & Baker, 1914] : Slide mounted specimens normally oval-shaped & margin (smooth or crenulated), not deflexed.
Thoracic tracheal margins not differentiated; caudal tracheal comb present.
Dorsal disc covered with siphon-like glands of various length, unevenly distributed, and usually apically rounded.
Vasiform orifice not elevated. Operculum often shorter than and exposes lingula.
Natural Enemies: See species list below
Related genera: Note that Binks-Moenen (1983) moved the African Siphoninus blanzyi Cohic into the Cohicaleyrodes genus. This is reflected in the list of species below since they possess the characteristic siphons similar of the genus, Siphoninus.
Spinal and siphon-like gland structures may be considered by some as similar homologous structures in Siphoninus and Xenaleyrodes [ Martin, 1999] . Aleurothrixus antidesmae Takahashi has two pairs of siphon-like gland structures. Related to the Xenaleyrodes that differs in that the spines are submarginal only and the puparial margin deflexed. The stout spines should not be confused with robust dorsal disc setae (e.g. Aleurotuba).
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Cohicaleyrodes blanzyi Cohic NOMENCLATURE [ Binks-Moenen 1983] [ Cohic, 1968 4'Note: 127-130] :
DISTRIBUTION [ Cohic, 1968 4"Note: 127] : Afrotropical: Congo HOST [ Cohic, 1968 4"Note: 127] : Rubiaceae: Bertiera |
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Siphoninus gruveli Cohic NOMENCLATURE [ Cohic, 1968 3'Note: 50] :
DISTRIBUTION [ Cohic, 1968 3'Note: 50] : Afrotropical: Chad HOST: Combretaceae: Combretum glutinosum |
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Siphoninus immaculatus (Heeger) NOMENCLATURE :
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria, Germany, Czeck Republic/Slovakian [ Zahradnik, 21963: 9), Denmark & Italy [ unconfirmed: CPC, 2005] , Hungary [ Kirkady 1907: 58] , Russia [ Danzig 1964: 487] , Sweden [ Ossiniannilsson, 1955: 197] , United Kingdom [ Douglas, 1884: 215] HOST: Araliaceae: Hedera helix NATURAL ENEMIES: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Clithostethus arctuatus [ Kirkady 1907: 58] ; Diptera: Drosophilidae: Acletoxenus formosus [ NHM, London] ; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia ineron (Walker) [ NHM, London] , E. partenopea [ Trhan 1940: 611] ; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Clepsis consimilana (Hubner) [ NHM, London] |
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Siphoninus phillyreae Holiday NOMENCLATURE (Ash Whitely) :
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical [ Martin 1999: 101] : Cameroons, Eritrea [ Silvestri 1915:249] , Sudan; Australasia [ Martin 1999: 101] : Australia, New Zealand; Oriental: Nearctic [ Martin 1999: 101] : USA (California): Neotropical [ Martin 1999] : Mexico; Oriental: India, Pakistan [ Martin 1999: 101] ; Palaearctic: Austria [ Zadradnik 1963: 91] , Corsica, Cyprus, Czeck Republic?Slovakia [ Zadradnik 1963: 91] , France [ Gautier 1923: 339] , Germany [ Zadradnik 1963: 91] , Hungary [ Zadradnik 1963: 91] , India [ Martin 1999: 101] , Ireland [ Haliday 1835: 119] , Iran [ Kirukhin 1947: 9] , Italy [ Gomez-menor 1943: 207] , Libya [ NHM, London] , Morocco, Pakistan [ Martin 1999] ; Romania [ Zadradnik 1963: 91] , Russia [ Danzig 1964: 487] : Saudi Arabia [ NHM, London] , Spain [ Gomez-menor 1943: 207] , Syria, United Kingdom [ NHM, London] , Yugoslavia HOST: Fabaceae: Afzelia sp. [ NHM, London] ; Lythraceae [ Martin 1999] : Punica granatum; Oleaceae: Fraxinus excelsior [ Zadradnik 1963: 231] , F. syriaca [ Kirukhin 1947: 9] , Olea chrysophylla [ Silvestri 1915:249] [ Goux 1949: 11] , O. europea [ Martin 1999] [ Goux 1949: 11] , Phillyrea latifolia [ Haliday 1835: 119] ; Rhamnaceae [ Martin 1999] : Rhamnus alaternus [ Douglas 1878: 232] , Zyzyphus sp. [ NHM, London] ; Rosaceae [ Martin 1999] : Crataegus mollis [ NHM, London] , C. monogyna [ Zadradnik 1963: 231] , C. oxyacantha [ Mound 1966: 420] , Cydonia oblonga [ Habib & Farag 1970: 13] , Mespilus sp. [ Douglas 1878: 232] , Prunus persica [ Singh, 1931: 12, Pyrus communis [ Mound 1966: 420] , P. malus [ Priesner & Hosni 1932: 7] , P. sativa [ Vishnya 1941: 11] ; Rutaceae [ Martin 1999] : Citrus NATURAL ENEMIES: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Clitostehus arcuatus (Rossi) [ Thompson 1964: 129, 133] , Menochilus sexmaculatus [ Rao 1958] , Menochilus sp. [ Rao 1958: 334] ; Diptera: Drosophilidae: Acletoxenus formosus [ Thompson 1964: 133] [ Thompson 1950: 105] , Acletoxenus indicus [ Thompson & Simmonds 1964] ; Hemiptera: Drapetis ghesquierei [ Mayne & Ghesquiere 1934] ; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Coccophagus eliaphilus Silvestri [ Thompson 1950: 105] , Encarsia formosa [ Martin 1999: 102] , E. galilea [ Rivnay & Gerling 1987] , E. gautieri (Mercet) [ Gomez-menor 1945: 197] [ Nikolskaja & Jasnosh 1968: 35] , E. inaron (Walker) [ Graham 1976: 143] , E. partenopea Masi [ Thompson 1950: 105] , E. punicae [ Hayat 1998] ,Eretmocerus siphonini [ Viggiani & Battaglia 1983b] [ Abd-Rabou 1999] [ Thompson 1950: 105] , Prospaltella sp [ Thompson 1950: 105] [ Thompson 1964: 129, 133] . ECONOMIC INMPACT: Caused economic damage when first introduced into California (1988) and into New Zealand more recently. |
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