Genus:  Paraleyrodes Quaintance

Nomenclature: Paraleyrodes Quaintance, 1909: 169-170 [Martin 2006: 35-47] [Caballero, 1992: 79]

Paraleyrodes Quaintance, 1909: 169-170 [Caballero, 1992: 79]. Type species: Aleurodes perseae.

Biology: Some species known as the nesting whitefly and suspected as being vectors of plant viruses. All are considered tropical [Caballero, 1992: 79]. Puparia and larvae secrete long waxy filaments that often form an annular nest surrounding the insect.

Distribution: Predominantly New World [Caballero, 1992: 79] but some species occur in Asia, Middle East, and the Pacific.

Taxonomy: Terminal claw present on each leg. Row of 14 pairs of submarginal setae; pair of submedian cephalic setae present, but thoracic ones wanting.

With 5 to six pairs of compound pores including a pair on the cephalothoracic region; the cephalic and posterior four abdominal compound pore pairs usually significantly larger; anterior two abdominal compound pores on segments III and if present, IV reduced; Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaintance) with only one reduced compound pore for a total of five, not six, abdominal compound pores.

Compound pores with spinneret cells & splines (a series of long, elongate, radiating processes, like spokes of a wheel) normally present but may be reduced in the first two abdominal compound pores. For three species, distinctive flower petal-shaped ovoid cellular facets of the outer annulus replace these rod-shaped splines.

Discoidal pore(s) present between most compound pores and midline. two pairs of cicatrices present on thorax that scars of thoracic compound pores found in earlier nymph stages.

Submedian pair of setae present on the cephalic region, but absent on the thoracic segments; outer submargin with 14 pairs of hairlike setae including the caudal pair.

lingula is large, protruding, and exserted (glossary definition) with 2 pairs of setae.

Natural Enemies [Kairo et al, 2001] [Caballero, 1992: 81] [Teran, 1989] [Teran & Frias, 1984] [Dozier 1933]: Nephaspis coccois Gordon & N. picturata Gordon (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: aphelinidae), E. variegata Howard; Metaphycus sp (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae); Amitus sp (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae).

Similar genera: No other genera with compound pores have the first two abdominal compound pores reduced, stylized central lumen, and the presence of splines or flower pedal-shaped facets.

Click here to enter the key to the species of Paraleyrodes.

***Intercepted in quarantine.

Paraleyrodes ancora Martin

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes ancora Martin [Martin 2004 : 63].

Distribution: Neotropical: Belize & Nicaragua [Martin 2004 : 64].  

Host: Arecaceae; Asteraceae: Lisianthaea sp. [Martin 2004 : 64]; Dilliniaceae: Tetracera sp.[Martin 2004 : 64]; Lauraceae: Persea americana [Martin 2004 : 64]; Moraceae: Brosimum & Trophis [Martin 2004 : 64]; Polygonaceae: Coccoloba belizensis.

Natural enemies: Unknown.

Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi

Nomenclature :

Paraleyrodes bondari Perrachi [Perrachi, 1971: 146-148] [Martin 1996: 1856].

Distribution: Australasian: Hawaii [Kumashiro & Martin 2004 personal communication], Taiwan [Martin 2004 : 65]; Nearctic: USA (California & Florida) [Martin 2004 : 65]; Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 : 65], Brazil [Martin 2004 : 65] [Perrachi, 1971: 146-148] [Martin 1996: 1856], Honduras [Martin 2004 : 65], Venezuela [Martin 2004 : 65]; Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Martin 2004 : 65] [Martin 1996: 1856] [Martin 2000], Comoro Archipelago [Martin 2004 : 65]; Mauritius [Martin 2004 : 65]; Reunion Island [Martin 2004 : 65] [Martin 2000].

Host: Bromeliaceae: Appolonius barbujana [Martin 1996: 1856]; Lauraceae: Ocotea foetens [Martin 1996: 1856], Persea americana [Martin 1996: 1856]; Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Kumashiro & Martin 2004 email message]; Myrtaceae: Eugenia uniflora [Martin 1996: 1856]; Rutaceae: Citrus [Perrachi, 1971: 146-148] Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata, C. limon [Martin 1996: 1856].

Natural enemies [Peracchi, 1971]: in Brazil include Chrysopidae ( Neuroptera) and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) .

Paraleyrodes cervus Martin

Nomenclature (only adult male described):

Paraleyrodes cervus Martin [Martin 2004 : 65].

Distribution: Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 : 65].  

Host: Bignonaceae: indet. [Martin 2004 : 65]; Piperaceae: Piper sp. [Martin 2004 : 65].

Natural enemies: Unknown.

RELATED SPECIES: The adult aedeagus structure is closer to that of Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino.

Paraleyrodes citri  Bondar

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes citri Bondar [Bondar 1931: 24].

Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico, USA (FL). Neotropical: Brazil [Bondar 1931: 24] & Panama.

Host: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Bondar 1931: 24].

Natural enemies [Meyerdirk et al., 1980]: Delphastus pusillus (LeConte) & Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

Paraleyrodes citricolus Costa Lima 

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes citricolus Costa Lima [Costa Lima 1928: 136].

Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico [Martin 1996: 1856]; Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 : 66] [Martin 1996: 1856], Brazil [Martin 2004 : 66] [Costa Lima, 1928: 136] [Martin 1996: 1856], Colombia [Martin 2004 : 66] [Martin 1996: 1856], Costa Rica [Martin 2004 : 66] [Martin 1996: 1856], Ecuador [Martin 2004 : 66] [Martin 1996: 1856], Guatemala [Martin 2004 : 66] [Martin 1996: 1856], Panama [Martin 2004 : 66] [Martin 1996: 1856], & Uruguay; Palaearctic: Azores [Martin 2004 : 66], Madeira Islands [Martin 2004 : 66] [Martin 1996: 1856]. 

Host: Lauraceae: Persea americana [Martin 1996: 1856]; Rutaceae: Citrus spp [Costa Lima, 1928: 136] [Martin 1996: 1856].

Paraleyrodes crateraformans  Bondar

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes crateraformans Bondar [Bondar 1922: 85]

Distribution (Evans catalogue): Neotropical: Brazil [Bondar 1923: 99]

 Host [Bondar 1923: 99]: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera; Sapotaceae: Achras sapota; Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao.

Paraleyrodes goyobae  (Goldi)

Nomenclature .:

Paraleyrodes goyobae (Goldi) [Bondar 1923: 93] [ Baker & Moles, 1923: 624-625].

Aleyrodes goyobae (Goldi) [Goldi, 1886: 248-249].

Distribution (Evans catalogue): Neotropical: Barbados [Schotman, 1989], Brazil [Goldi, 1886: 248-249]

Host: Chrysobalanaceae: Licania tomentosa [Bondar 1923: 93]; Lauraceae: Persea americana [Goldi, 1886: 248-249] [Schotman, 1989] [CPC, 2003] & Persea gratissima [Bemis, 1904: 505]; Myrtaceae: Psidium guavaje [Goldi, 1886: 249]; Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Costa Lima, 1968: 111].

Natural enemies [Thompson, 1950]: Encarsia sp. (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae).

Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino ***

Nomenclature [Martin et al 1997] [Martin et al 2000: 440]:

Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino [Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149] [Martin, 1996: 1856]

Distribution: Afrotropical: Benin [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Nearctic: Bermuda [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin, 1996: 1858] [Martin et al 2000: 440], Mexico [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin, 1996: 1858] [Martin et al 2000: 440] [S.E.L.], USA [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin, 1996: 1858] [Martin et al 2000: 440](California [S.E.L.], Florida, & Texas ). Neotropical: Belize [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin, 1996: 1858] [Martin et al 2000: 440], Bermuda [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Guatemala [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin et al 2000: 440], Honduras [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], & Puerto Rico [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Oriental: Hong Kong [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67]; Palaearctic: Israel [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Lebanon [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin et al 2000: 440], Morocco [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67], Spain [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin, 1996: 1858] [Martin et al 2000: 440], Syria [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [[Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149] [Martin, 1996: 1858] [Martin et al 2000: 440], & Turkey [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Martin 2004: 67] [Martin et al 2000: 440].

 Host: Annonaceae [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]: Annona glabra; Araceae [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]: Anthurium sp., Syngonium podophyllum; Arecaceae: Chamaedorea sp. [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Cocos nucifera [Martin et al 2000: 440], Elaeis guineensis [Martin et al 2000: 440], Ptychosperma elegans [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]; Asteraceae: Lasianthaea fruticosa [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Euphorbiaceae [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]: Cnidoscolus chayamansa [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Lauraceae: Nectandra coriacea [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Persea americana [Martin et al 2000: 440], P. borbonia [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajave [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Piperaceae: Piper sp. [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Polygonaceae Persea americana [Martin et al 2000: 440]: Coccoloba diversifolia, C. uvifera; Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]; Rubiaceae: Guettarda combesii [Martin et al 2000: 440]; Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13], Citrus aurantium [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149] [Martin et al 2000: 440] [Martin, 1996: 1858], Citrus limon [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13] [Climent and Vivas, 1992] [Martin, 1996: 1858], Citrus sinensis [Evans, Dooley, & Gill 2006: 13]; Solanaceae: Lycopersicon sp. [Garcia et al, 1992] [Martin, 1996: 1858]

Natural enemies [Iaccarino, 1989: 131-149] [Fulmek, 1943] [Evans Collection]: Clitostethus arctuatus (Rossi) & Serangium parcesetosum (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia domenicana Evans & Serra, E. parvella group, E. sp., E.variegata Howard; Neuroptera, Chrysopidae.

Paraleyrodes naranjae Dozier***

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes naranjae Dozier 1927: 854

Distribution: Neotropical: Puerto Rico [Dozier, 1927: 854]

Host: Rutaceae: Citrus.

Natural enemies [Paulson & Kumashiro, 1985] [Fulmek, 1943] [Dozier, 1933]: Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia variegata Howard (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae).

Paraleyrodes perplexus Martin

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes perplexus Martin [Martin 2004 : 67]

Distribution: Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004: 68]

Host: Asteraceae: indet. [Martin 2004 : 68]; Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [Martin 2004 : 68]; Piperaceae: Piper ycatanense. [Martin 2004 : 68]

Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaintance) ***

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaintance)

Aleyrodes perseae Quaintance [Quaintance 1900: 32-33]

Aleurodicus perseae (Quaintance) [Cockerell, 1903: 663]

Distribution [Martin 2006: 35-47]: Australasian: Philippines, & Hawaii . Nearctic: Mexico [Sampson & Drews], & USA (Florida [Quaintance 1900: 32-33], Georgia, Missouri). Neotropical: Nicaragua, Venezuela [Arnal et al: 1993: 377]

Host: Adoxaceae: Viburnum [Martin 2006: 35-47]; Apocynaceae: Plumeria [Martin 2006: 35-47]; Araceae: Anthurium [Martin 2006: 35-47] ; Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Quaintance & Baker, 1916: 470]; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Martin 2006: 35-47], Laurus [Martin 2006: 35-47], Persea americana [Martin 2006: 35-47] [Quaintance & Baker, 1916: 470] [Arnal et al: 1993: 377], Persea carolinensis [Quaintance & Baker 1900: 33] [Quaintance, 1909], Persea gratissima [Quaintance & Baker 1913: 83]; Myrtaceae [Martin 2006: 35-47] : Myrica, Psidium; Piperaceae [Martin 2006: 35-47]: Piper; Rutaceae: Citrus [Martin 2006: 35-47] [Sampson & Drews, 1941: 155]

Natural Enemies [Viggiani, 1986] [Muma et al., 1975] [Fulmek, 1943] [Dozier, 1933] [Petch, 1921]: Aschersonia aurantiaca (Anamorphic Fungi); Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); Encarsia variegata Howard (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae)

Paraleyrodes proximus Teran

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes proximus Teran [Martin 2004 : 69] [Teran, 1979: 170-174]

Distribution: Neotropical: Argentina [Martin 2004 : 69] [Teran, 1979: 170-174]., Belize [Martin 2004 : 69], Guatemala [Martin 2004 : 69], Nicaragua [Martin 2004 : 69], Peru [Martin 2004 : 69]

Host: Asteraceae: indet. [Martin 2004 : 68]; Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [Martin 2004 : 68]; Piperaceae: Piper ycatanense. [Martin 2004 : 68]

Natural enemies: Unknown

Only can be identified by the adult male aedeagus.

Similar species: Puparia similar to P. goyobae (Goeldi) that was poorly described.

Paraleyrodes pseudonaranjae Martin ***

Nomenclature [Martin 2001]:

Paraleyrodes pseudonaranjae Martin

Distribution [Martin 2001]: Australasian: Hong Kong, Hawaii. Nearctic: Florida

Host [Martin 2001]: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica; Annonaceae: Annona glabra; Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum; Ericacaeae: Rhododendron pulchrum; Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia tomentosa; Rubiaceae: Morinda citrifolia, Randia spinosa; Rutaceae: Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisii

Paraleyrodes pulverans  Bondar

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes pulverans Bondar 1923: 98

Distribution: Neotropical: Barbados, Brazil [Bondar 1923: 98] & Guadalupe

Host: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Bondar 1923: 98] [Mound & Halsey, 1978]; Meliaceae: Guarea trichiloides [Bondar 1923: 98] [Costa Lima, 1928: 135]; Rubiaceae: Chomelia oligantha [Bondar 1923: 98]

Paraleyrodes singularis Bondar

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes singularis Bondar [Bondar 1923: 97]

Distribution: Neotropical: Brazil [Bondar 1923: 97], Colombia, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago

Host [Bondar 1923: 97]: Chrysobalanaceae: Licania tomentosa; Fabaceae: Inga sp.; Myrtaceae: Myriciaria jaboticuba; Rutaceae: Citrus

Paraleyrodes triungulae Martin

Nomenclature [Martin 2004 : 69]:

Paraleyrodes triungulae Martin

Distribution [Martin 2004 : 69]: Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2004 : 69]

Host [Martin 2004 : 69]: Rubiaceae: Guettarda combesii [Martin 2004 : 69]

Description based on the adult male aedeagus.

Similar species [Martin 2004 : 69]: Adult male similar to the aedeagus of P. pseudonaranjae Martin and P. perplexus Martin. But they display more differences

Paraleyrodes urichii Quaintance & Baker***

Nomenclature:

Paraleyrodes urichii Quaintance & Baker, 1913.: 83-84

Distribution: Neotropical: Barbados [Schotman, 2989], Dominican Republic, [Ettienne, J, Quiot, J. & Russell, 1991: 3], Trinidad

Host: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia sp., Pithecellobium sp; Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sp.; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.; Verbenaceae: Citharexylum sp.

Natural enemies [Viggiani, 1989]: Encarsia dispersa, E. meritoria Group