Genus: Trialeurodes Cockerell
Nomenclature [Martin, 1999: 108-111]:
Trialeurodes Cockerell, [Quaintance & Baker, 1915]
Aleurodes (Ogivaleurodes) Goux, 1948 & 1949: 31
Gymnaleurodes Sampson & Drews 1940: 29
Aleurochitin Maskell [Quaintance & Baker 1914: 104-105]
Aleyrodes (Asterochiton) Maskell [Kirkaldy 1907: 43-44]
Aleyrodes (Trialeurodes) Cockerell, 1902: 283
Biology: Puparia normally pale with a few species dark brown; oval shaped; about 100 species are described.
Distribution: Although a predominate New World species, occurs in other areas.
Taxonomy [Martin, 1999: 108-111]: Margin. Crenulated (crenulations from small to large, of the same or varying widths) and sometimes slightly modified at the thoracic tracheal and caudal clefts showing some stippling in the thoracic furrow. Dorsum. An submarginal row or dorsal clusters of variously shaped papillae (variously shaped (cylindrical, bullet, conical apically rounded or acute) either well separated or closely appressed. Abdominal segment VII reduced. Vasiform orifice chordate shaped, defined, enclosing a posteriorly lobbed lingula (inserted) and usually partially, but not normally completely covered by the operculum. Chaetotaxy. Cephalic and abdominal segments with or without a pair of setae; eighth and the caudal pair of setae present. Venter. Legs with spines present or absent on inner portion of leg.
Natural Enemies: See species list below.
Similar genera: Variously shaped submarginal papillae (cylindrical, bullet, conical, flat or reniform) defines the tribe Trialeurodini and may also be distributed on the dorsal disc: Aleuroparadoxus, Aleurotithius, Trialeurodes, Venezaleyrodes. These genera are separated by the shape of the tubercles and their distribution:
Aleuroparadoxus: Dorsal papillae are flat & reniform
Aleurotithius: Papillae are conical & nipple-shaped (mammiform)
Trialeurodes: Papillae are normally conical or rod-shaped and apically rounded or acute and usually found in a complete submarginal row (either loosely or closely appressed.
Trialeurolonga nov. sp. Glandular papillae normally with three prongs.
Venezaleyrodes: Papillae are conical and may form a submarginal continuous row or interrupted-found on the cephalic and caudal submarginal areas only.
Click here for key to species
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Trialeurodes abdita Martin Nomenclature:
Distribution: Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2005: 54-55] Host [Martin 2005: 54-55]: Poaceae: Lasiacis sp. |
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Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) Nomenclature:
Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico [Russell, 1963: 150], USA (AL, CA,CO, FL, MS, NY, MI, PA, TX, VA, WA,WI) [Quaintance 1900: 19, 25; 1907:94] [NHM,London] [Cockerell, 1910: 370-371]; Neotropical: Cuba [Russell, 1963: 150], Jamaica [NHM,London], Puerto Rico [Russell, 1963: 150], Trinidad [Russell, 1963: 150] Host: Acanthaceae: Ruellia villosa [Russell, 1963: 150]; Asteraceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Ambrosia ambrosioides A. artemisifolia [Cockerell 1910: 370] ], A. psilostychya, A. trifida, Aster novae-angelicae, Bidens sp., Eclipta alba, Erectites hieracifolia, Erigeron sp. [Maskell 1895: 430], E. annuus, Eupatorium hyssopifolium, Helianthus sp., Heterotheca grandiflora, Iva ciliata, Lactuca canadensis, Lactuca serriola, Pluchea sericea, Solidago altissima, S. californica, Sonchus asper, S. oleraceus, Taraxacum sp., Veronica missurica, Xanthium canadense, X. strumarium, Asclepiadaceae [Russell, 1963: 149]: Asclepias syriaca, Gonolobus (ampelamus) albidus; Balsaminaceae: Impatiens capensis; Boraginaceae: Heliotropium currasavicum; Convolvulaceae [Russell, 1963: 149-150]: Dichondra repens, Ipomoea angulata, I. batatas, I. hederocea, I. lacunosa, I pupurea; Cruceriferae [Russell, 1963: 149]: Brassica sp.; Cucurbitaceae [Russell, 1963: 149]: Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus; Euphorbiaceae [Russell, 1963: 149-150]: Acalypha virginica, Euphorbia collata, E. dentata, E. glyptosperma, E. hirta, E. pilulifera, E. supina, Ricinus communis; Geraniaceae [Russell, 1963: 149]: Geranium sp.?;, ?Pelargonium [Quaintance 1899: 92]; Hamamelidaceae [Russell, 1963: 149]: Liquidambar stryacifluca; Fabaceae [Russell, 1963: 149-150]: Acacia melanoxylon, Aeschynomeme virginica, Albizia chinensis, Cassia nodosa, Desmodium paniculatum, Glycine max, Medicago sativa, mimosa sp., Phaseolus sp., Prosopsis chilensis, Pueraria sp., Schrankia sp., Sesbania grandiflora, Trifolium pretense, Wisteria sp; Lamiaceae [Russell, 1963: 149-150] Ajuga sp., Nepeto cataria, Scutellaria leonardi, Stachys albens, Trichostemon lanceolatum; Lythraceae [Russell, 1963: 149]: Lawsonia inermis; Malvaceae: Abutilon theophrasti [Russell, 1963: 149], Althaea sp. [Russell, 1963: 149], Gossypium sp. [Quaintance 1900: 19] [NHM,London], Hibiscus moscheutos [Russell, 1963: 149-150], H. mutabilis [Russell, 1963: 149-150], H. rosa-sinensis [Russell, 1963: 149-150], H. syriacus [Russell, 1963: 149-150], H. trinum [Russell, 1963: 149-150], Malva neglecta [Russell, 1963: 149-150], M. coromandeliana [Russell, 1963: 149-150], Pseudabutilon sp. [Russell, 1963: 149-150], Sida abutilon [Russell, 1963: 149-150], Sida spinosa [Russell, 1963: 149-150], Sida sp. [Russell, 1963: 149-150], Sphaeralcea sp. [Russell, 1963: 149-150]; Moraceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Morus sp.; Myrtaceae [Russell, 1963: 149-150]: Eucalyptus sp., Melaleuca hypericifolia; Oxydaliaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Oxalis sp.; Polygonaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Polygonum aviculare, P. coccineum, P. hydropiperoides, P. pennsylvanicum; Portulaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Portulaca sp.; Puniacaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Punica granatum; Ranunculaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Aquilega canadensis; Rhamnaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Ceanothus sp.; Rosaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Pyrus communis, Rosa sp., Rubus sp.; Rutaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Citrus sp., Ruta graveolens; Sapindaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Serjania sp.; Scrophulariaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Hebe lewesii; Solanaceae: [Russell, 1963: 149-150] Datura stramonium [NHM,London], Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana glauca [NHM,London], N. trigonophylla, Physalis sp., Solanum arboreum, S. carolinense, S. melogena, S. nigrum, S. tuberosum; Ulmaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Ulmus sp.; Urticaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Lapotea canadensis; Verbenaceae [Russell, 1963: 150]: Durantha triacantha, Montana montavidensis, Verbena sp., Vitex mollis; Violaceae: Viola tricolor
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Trialeurodes
amealcensis Carapia Nomenclature: Trialeurodes amealcensis Carapia 2003 Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico Host:
Fagaceae: Quercus laeta |
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Trialeurodes asplenii (Maskell) Nomenclature:
Distribution: Australasian: New Zealand [Maskell 1890:174] [NHM, London] Host: Aspleniaceae: Asplenium lucidum [Maskell 1890:174], Asplenium sp, [NHM, London] |
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Trialeurodes bambusae Takahashi Nomenclature:
Distribution [Takahashi, 1943: 30]: Oriental: Thailand Host [Takahashi, 1943: 30]: Poaceae: ?Bambusa |
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Trialeurodes bellissima Sampson & Drews Nomenclature:
Distribution [Sampson & Drews 1940: 30]: Nearctic: USA (CA,TX) Host [Sampson & Drews 1940: 30]: Fagaceae: Quercus agrifolia |
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Trialeurodes bemisae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 39]: Nearctic: USA (CA) Host [Russell, 1948: 39]: Ericaceae: Arbutus menziesii; Fagaceae: Quercus agrifolia; Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus thyrsiflorus; Rosaceae: Photinia arbutifolia |
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Trialeurodes bruneiensis Martin Nomenclature:
Distribution [Martin, Jon H & Camus, Josephine 2001: 7]: Australasia: Brunei Host [Martin, Jon H & Camus, Josephine 2001: 7]: Thelypteridaceae: indet genus |
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Trialeurodes celti Takahashi Nomenclature:
Distribution [Takahashi, 1943: 29]: Oriental: Thailand Host [Takahashi, 1943: 29]: Ulmaceae: Celtis sp. |
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Trialeurodes chinensis Takahashi Nomenclature:
Distribution [Takahashi, 1955: 232]: Oriental: China Host [Takahashi, 1955: 232]: Solanaceae: Solanum sp. |
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Trialeurodes coccolobae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 24]: Nearctic: Mexico Host [Russell, 1948: 24]: Polygonaceae: Coccoloba floribunda |
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Trialeurodes colchordae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 76]: Nearctic: USA (CA) Host [Russell, 1948: 76]: Indet |
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Trialeurodes corollis Penny Nomenclature [Russell, 1948: 36]:
Distribution [Penny, 1922: 28] [NHM,London]: USA (CA,NV* new state record) Host [Penny, 1922: 28]: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos manzanita |
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Trialeurodes cryptus Martin Nomenclature [Martin 2005: 56-57]:
Distribution [Martin 2005: 56-57]: Neotropical: Belize Host [Martin 2005: 56-57]: ?Bombacaceae |
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Trialeurodes darwiniensis Martin Nomenclature [Martin 1999: 109-110] :
Distribution: Australasian: Australia Host: Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea virosa |
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Trialeurodes dicksoniae Martin Nomenclature [Martin 1999: 1110] :
Distribution: Australasian: Australia Host: Dicksoniaceae: Dicksonia antarctica |
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Trialeurodes diminutis Penny Nomenclature [Russell: 54-55]:
Distribution [Russell: 54-55] [Penny, 1922: 30]: Nearctic: USA (CA) Host [Russell: 54-55] [Penny, 1922: 30]: Rosaceae: Chamaebatia foliolosa |
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Trialeurodes drewsi Sampson Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell: 1948:53] [Sampson 1945: 62]: Nearctic: USA (CA) Host [Russell: 1948: 53] [Sampson & Drews 1940: 30]: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus agrifolia, Q. dumosa, Q. ilex [NHM,London], Q. tomentella, Quercus sp. |
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Trialeurodes dubiensis (Bondar) Nomenclature:
Distribution [Bondar 1923: 180]: Neotropical: Brazil Host [Bondar 1923: 180]: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava |
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Trialeurodes elaphoglossi Takahashi Nomenclature:
Distribution [Takahashi, 1960: 141] [NHM, London]: Oriental: Reunion Islands Host [Takahashi, 1960: 141] [NHM, London]: Polypodiaceae: Elaphoglossum sp. |
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Trialeurodes ericae Bink-Moenen Nomenclature:
Distribution [Bink-Moenen 1976: 19] [NHM,London]: Crete, Corsica, France, Majorca, Netherlands, Spain Host [Bink-Moenen 1976: 19] [NHM,London]: Ericaceae: Erica tetralis |
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Trialeurodes eriodictyonis Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 77]: Nearctic: USA (CA) Host [Russell, 1948: 77]: Hydrophyliaceae: Eriodictyon crassifolium |
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Trialeurodes euphorbiae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 78]: Nearctic: Mexico Host [Russell, 1948: 78]: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia albomarginata |
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Trialeurodes fernaldi (Morrill) Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell 1948: 64]: Nearctic: USA (CT. FL, MA) Host: Diapensiaceae: Galax urceolata; Rosaceae: Fragaria sp. [Morrill 1903: 84-85], Spiraea vanhouttei, Spiraea sp. [Russell 1948: 64] ; Rubiaceae [Russell 1948: 64]: Cephalanthus occidentalis Natural Enemies: Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia luteola [Fulmek 1943]; Platygastridae: Amitus aleurodinis Haldeman [Gahan 1927: 1-39] [Thompson 1950] |
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Trialeurodes floridensis Quaintance Nomenclature:
Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico [Russell 1963: 151], USA (Arizona, Florida, Texas) [Russell 1963: 151] [Quaintance 1900: 27; 1907: 90] (Now Southern USA) [Martin 2005: 57]; Neotropical: Bahamas, Cuba, Panama, Puerto Rico [Russell 1963: 151]; Venezuela [Martin 2005: 57] [NHM,London] & widely spread across Carribbean & entral America [Martin 2005: 57] Host: Anacardaceae: Mangifera sp. [Russell 1948: 20]; Annonaceae [Russell 1948: 20]: Annona diversifolia, A. squamosa; Bignoniaceae: Crescentia sp. [Russell 1963: 150]; Bombacaceae: Bombax malabaricum [Russell 1948: 20], Bombax heptaphylla [Russell 1963: 150]; Chrysobalanaceae: Licania sp. [Russell 1948:20]; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea sp. [Russell 1948: 20]; Dilleniaceae [Russell 1963: 151]: Tetracera scandens, T. volubilis; Fabaceae: Acacia nigriscens [Russell 1963: 150], A. pallens [Russell 1948: 20], Albizia moluccana [Russell 1948: 20], Bauhinia sp., Calliandra californica [Russell 1963: 150], Calliandra sp. [NHM,London], Cassia nodosa [Russell 1948: 20], Piscidia communis [Russell 1963: 150]; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [Russell 1963: 150], Persea americana [Quaintance 1900: 27]; Lythraceae: Lagerstroemeria speciosa [Russell 1948: 20]; Malpighiaceae; Malpighia glabra [Russell 1948: 20]; Meliaceae [Russell 1948: 20]: Melia azedarach; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus botrryoides [Russell 1948: 20], Psidium guajava [Quaintance 1900: 27], Tristania conferta [Russell 1948: 20]; Polygonaceae [Russell 1948: 20] Coccoloba uvifera; Rhamnaceae [Russell 1963: 150]: Colubrina reclinata; Rubiaceae: Casasia calophylla [Russell 1963: 150], Chomelia spinosa [Russell 1948: 20]; Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [Russell 1948: 20], Clausena lansium [Russell 1948: 20], Zanthoxylon clava-herculis [Russell 1963: 150]; Sapotaceae: Achras zapota [Russell 1963: 150], Mimusops emarginata [Russell 1948: 20]; Verbenaceae [Russell 1948: 20]: Petrea volubilis [Russell 1948: 20]; Zygophyllaceae [Russell 1948: 20]: Guaiacum guatamalensis Natural Enemies: Fungi: Aschersonia aleyrodis [Morrill & Back 1912]. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Delphastus pallidus (LecConte) [Thompson 1964: 133] [Fulmek 1959], Delphastus sp. [Gordon 1985]. Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia hispida, E. meritoria Gahan [Fulmek 1943: 79] [Gahan 1927:1-39], E. tabacivora, Prospatella sp. [Fulmek 1943: 79] |
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Trialeurodes glacialis Bemis Nomenclature:
Distribution [Bemis, 1904: 519]: Nearctic: USA (CA, UT, WA) Host: Caprifoliaceae [NHM,London]: Lonicera interrupta, Symphoricarpos racemosus; Fagaceae: Quercus densiflora; Lamiaceae [NHM,London]: Salvia mellifera; Ranunculaceae: Clematis ligusticifolia; Rhamnaceae; Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus californicus, Ceanothus sp. [Russell 1948: 20], Rhamnus californica; Rosaceae: Opulaster capitatus, Rubus vitifolius. |
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Trialeurodes heucherae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 69]: Nearctic: USA (DC, PA) Host [Russell, 1948: 69]: Saxifragaceae: Heuchera americana |
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Trialeurodes hutchingsi Bemis Nomenclature:
Distribution [Bemis, 1904: 534]: Nearctic: USA (CA,OR) Host: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostyphalos sp. |
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Trialeurodes intermedia Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948:
21]: Nearctic: USA (AZ, CA,TX) Host [Russell, 1948: 21]: Anacardaceae: Rhus ovata, Rhus sp.; Fagaceae: Quercus sp., Q. argifolia; Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus sp., R. crocea; Rutaceae: Amyris texana |
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Trialeurodes
ipomoeae Carapia Nomenclature:
Trialeurodes ipomoeae Carapia
2003, in Carapia-Ruiz et al. 2003: 94 Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico. Host:
Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea arborescens |
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Trialeurodes lauri (Signoret) Nomenclature:
Distribution: Australasia: Australia; Palaearctic: Belgium, Cyprus, France [Zadradnik 1963: 232], Greece [Signoret, 1882: 48], Iran, Israel, Italy, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia [Takahashi, 1940: 148-149], Israel [NHM,London], Russia [Zadradnik 1963: 232] Host: Ericaceae: Arbutus sp. [NHM,London]; Lauraceae [Takahashi, 1940: 148-149] [NHM,London]: Laurus nobilis |
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Trialeurodes longispina Takahashi Nomenclature:
Distribution [Takahashi, 1943:31]: Oriental: Thailand Host [Takahashi, 1943:31]: Indet |
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Trialeurodes madroni Bemis Nomenclature:
Distribution [Bemis, 1904: 508]: Nearctic: USA (CA) Host [Bemis, 1904: 508]: Ericaceae: Arbutus Menziesii; Fagaceae: Quercus sp. |
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Trialeurodes magnoliae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 70]: Nearctic: USA (FL,TX) Host [Russell, 1948: 70]: Magnoliaceae: Magnolia virginiana |
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Trialeurodes mameti Takahashi Nomenclature:
Distribution [Takahashi, 1951:371]: Afrotropica: Madagascar Host [Takahashi, 1951:371]: "Mankolody" |
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Trialeurodes manihoti (Bondar) Nomenclature:
Distribution [Bondar 1923: 179]: Neotropical: Brazil Host [Bondar 1928: 32]: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot sp. |
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Trialeurodes meggitti Singh Nomenclature:
Distribution [Singh 1933: 345]: Oriental: Burma Host [Singh 1933: 345]: Moraceae: Ficus sp. |
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Trialeurodes mirissimus Sampson & Drews Nomenclature:
Distribution [Sampson & Drews 1941:179]: Nearctic: Mexico; Neotropical: Jamaica, St. Kitts, Trinidad Host [Sampson & Drews 1940: 30]: Flouricaceae: Casearia hirsuta; Rutaceae: Casimiroa edulis, Citrus sp.; Verbenaceae: Petrea arborea |
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Trialeurodes multipori Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 26]: Nearctic: USA (AZ) Host [Russell, 1948: 26]: Fagaceae: Quercus oblongifolia |
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Trialeurodes notata Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell 1948: 56] [Russell 1963: 151]: Nearctic: USA (DC, IL, KS,MD,MO, PA,) Host [Russell, 1948: 70]: Asclepiaceae: Asclepias syriaca; Asteraceae [Russell 1948: 56]: Ambrosia trifida, Eupatorium purpureum, Helianthus sp., H. tuberosus, Lactuca sp., Rudbeckia hirta, Solidago altissima, Veronica missurica [Russell 1963: 151]; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea pandurata [Russell 1963: 151]; Lamiaceae: Mentha arvensis [Russell 1963: 151], M. canadiensis [Russell 1948: 56]; Solanaceae [Russell 1948: 56]: Physalis heterphylla, Solanum carolinense |
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Trialeurodes oblongifoliae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell 1948: 27]: Nearctic: Mexico Host [Russell, 1948: 27]: Fagaceae: Quercus oblongifolia |
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Trialeurodes packardi (Morrill) Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell 1948: 62]: Australasian: USA (Hawaii); Nearctic: Canada, USA (AZ,CA, CT, DC, FL, GA, HI, IN, IO, KS, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, NC, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA,WI) Host [Russell 1963: 151] [Russell 1948: 62] : Anacardiaceae: Rhus aromatica; Asteraceae: Ambrosia trifida, Aster lateriflorus, A. novae-angliae, Eupatorium rugosum, Helianthus tuberosus, Solidago spp.; Balsaminaceae: Impatiens biflora, I. capensis, I. pallida; Betulaceae: Betula sp., Carpina sp., Corylus avellana; Bignoniaceae: Bignomia radicans, Catalpa speciosa; Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera sp., Symphoricarpos sp., Viburnum acerifolium, V. dilatatum; Ebenaceae: Diospyros virginiana; Ericaceae: Arctostyphalos uva-ursi, Rhododendron flavum, R. particum, Vaccinium myrtilloides; Fabaceae: Amphicarpaea bracteata, Cercis canadensis, Desmodium paniculatum; Guttifereae: Hypericum sp.; Hydrangeaceae: Deutzia sp., Philadelphus sp.; Juglandaceae [Britton 1907: 340]: Junglans cinerea, J. nigra; Lamiaceae: Callinbsonia canadiensis, Mentha arvensis, M. citrata, M. canadiensis, Prunella vulgaris; Malvaceae: Hibiscus; Moraceae: Maclura pomifera; Oleaceae: Chionanthus virginicus, Fraxinus velutina; Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus americanus; Rosaceae: Fragaria sp., F. virginiana, Prunus persica, Pyrus malus, Rosa wichraiana; Rubiaceae: Crataegus mollis, Rubus allegheniensis, R. nigrobaccus, R. odoratus, R. procerus, Spiraea humalda, S. vanhoutlei; Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis; Saururaceae: Saururus sp., Tiliaceae: Tilia americana; Ulmaceae: Celtis sp., Ulmus scabra; Umbelliferae: Cryptotaenia canadensis; Verbenaceae: Callicarpa americana, Verbena urticifolia; Violaceae: Viola sp. Natural Enemies: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Delphastus pusillus Leconte [Britton 1907: 338]; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia luteola Howard [Britton 1907: 338], E. pergandiella Howard [Kuenzel: 400], E. protransvena Viggiani [Heraty & Polaszek 2000], E. quaintanceiHoward [Kuenzel: 400] [Evans & Polaszek 1998], Eretmocerus corni Haldeman [Thompson, 1950: 110] |
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Trialeurodes palaquifolia Corbett Nomenclature:
Distribution [Corbett, 1935: 816]: Australasian: Malaysia Host [Corbett, 1935: 816]: Sapotaceae: Palaquium gutta |
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Trialeurodes paucipapilla sp. nov. Nomenclature:
Distribution [Martin 2005: 58]: Neotropical: Belize Host [Martin 2005: 58]: Polygonaceae: Coccoloba ?belizensis |
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Trialeurodes perakensis Corbett Nomenclature:
Distribution [Corbett, 1935: 815]: Australasian: Malaysia Host [Corbett, 1935: 815]: Sapotaceae: Palaquium gutta |
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Trialeurodes pergandei (Quaintance) Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell 1948: 59] [Quaintance 1900: 32]: Nearctic: Canada, USA (DC, FL, GA, IL, MD, NC, SC, TN, VA) Host: Bignoniaceae: Bignonia radicans [Quaintance 1900: 32], Tecoma sp. [Kirkaldy 1907: 64]; Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum dentatum [Russell 1948: 59], V. opulus [Kirkaldy 1907: 64]; Oleaceae [Russell 1948: 59]: Chionanthus virginicus, Fraxinus sp..; Rosaceae: Crataegus sp., C. mollis, C. oxyacantha, C. stipulosa, Hydrangea sp. [Quaintance 1900: 32] Prunus nana, Prunus sp.., P. persica, Pyracantha angustifolia, Pyrus coronaria, Rosa wichuraiana; Rubiaceae: Rubus sp.., R. villosus; Rutaceae: Zanthoxyon americanum |
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Trialeurodes
phlogis Russell Nomenclature:
Trialeurodes phlogis Russell
1993: 583 Distribution: 1: USA (MD,
VA). Host:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox subulata. |
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Trialeurodes pseudoblongifoliae Dooley sp. nov. Nomenclature: Trialeurodes pseudoblongifoliae Dooley, 2010: 26-27 Distribution [Russell 1948: 27]: Nearctic: Mexico Host [Russell, 1948: 27]: Fagaceae: Quercus oblongifolia |
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Trialeurodes rex Martin Nomenclature:
Distribution [Martin 2001]: Australasian: Sulawesi Host [Corbett, 1935: 815]: Pteridophyta: Filicopsida sp. |
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Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) Nomenclature:
Distribution: Afrotropical: Madagascar, Nigeria [Mound 1965: 158], Sierra Leon, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe ; Australasian: Malaysia [Takahashi 1952: 23]; Oriental: Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Palaearctic: India [Misra 1924: 131], Iran; Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan [NHM,London], Turkey Host: Annonaceae: Annona glabra [David & Subramamian 1976: 215]; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batata [Mound 1965: 158]; Ericaceae: Arbutus sp. [NHM,London] ; Euphorbiaceae: Breynia sp. [Singh 1931:47], Euphorbia sp., Phyllanthus sp., Ricinus communis [Misra 1924: 131]; Fabaceae: Dalbergia sissoo, Desmodium lasiocarpus, Dolichos lablab; Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum [David & Subramamian 1976: 215]; Menispermaceae: Cissampelos owariensis; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava; Pedaliaceae: Sesamum sp.; Piperaceae: Piper umbellatum; Rosaceae: Rosa sp [Rao 1958: 333]; Rubiaceae: Gardenia jovis-tonantis, Gardenia ternifolia; Rutaceae: Murraya koenigi [Rao 1958: 334]; Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Singh 1931: 46]; Tiliaceae: Corchorus sp. Natural Enemies:Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Jauravia soror [Thompson 1964: 53]; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Aphytis proclea (Walker) [Fumek 1943: 6], Encarsia lahorensis (Howard) [Hayat 1989:1-131] [Huang & Polaszek 1998: 1825-1966], Eretmocerus adustiscutum [Hayat 1989:1-131], Prospaltella sp., P. lahorensis Howard [Fumek 1943: 6], |
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Trialeurodes ruborum (Cockerell) Nomenclature:
Distribution: Nearctic: USA (CA, CO, DC, FL, LA, VA) Host: Rosaceae: Fragaria sp. [Russell 1948: 65], Rubus glauca [Russell 1948: 65], Rubus sp. [Cockerell 1897: 97], R. cuneifolius [Quaintance 1907: 94], R. trivialis [Quaintance 1907: 94] |
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Trialeurodes sardiniae Rapisarda Nomenclature:
Distribution [Rapisarda: 1986]: Palaearctic: Sardinia Host [Rapisarda: 1986]: Erica sp. |
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Trialeurodes shawundus Baker & Moles Nomenclature:
Distribution [Baker & Moles, 1923: 644]: Neotropical: Chile Host [Baker & Moles, 1923: 644]: Indet |
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Trialeurodes similis Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Martin 2005: 59]: Nearctic: Mexico [Martin 2005: 59], USA (Florida) [Russell, 1948: 31]; Neotropical: Belize Host: Fabaceae: ?Galactia [Russell, 1948: 31]; Sterculiaceae [Martin 2005: 59]: Waltheria indica |
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Trialeurodes tabaci Bondar Nomenclature:
Distribution: Neotropical: Brazil Host: Solanaceae: Nicotiana sp. |
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Trialeurodes tentacularis (Bemis) Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 40]: Neotropical: Brazil Host [Russell, 1948: 40] : Fagaceae: Quercus sp. |
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Trialeurodes tephrosiae Russell Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell, 1948: 33]: Nearctic: Mexico; Neotropical: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama Host [Russell, 1948: 33]: Fabaceae: Tephrosia arcuata, T. heydeana, T. langlossei |
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Trialeurodes thaiensis Takahashi Nomenclature:
Distribution [Takahashi, 1943: 32]: Oriental: Thailand Host [Takahashi, 1943: 32]: Fabaceae |
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Trialeurodes unadutus Baker & Moles Nomenclature:
Distribution [Baker & Moles, 1923: 643]: Neotropical: Chile Host [Baker & Moles, 1923: 643]: Winteraceae: Drimys winteri |
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Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood Nomenclature [Martin, 1999: 111] :
Distribution: Worldwide (see Mound & Halsey, 1978 &Evans Website); less common in Australasian & Oriental regions, and usually found under glass in cooler temperate regions [Martin 2005: 59]. Host [Russell 1943:48-49] [Carver & Reid 1996] : Please refer to Mound & Halsey, 1978: 220-223 for extended list of hosts Acanthaceae: Hypoestes phyllostachya; Apocynaceae: Nerium; Aquilifoliaceae: Ilex intricata; Araceae: Caladium sp., Colocasia esculenta, Araliaceae: Aralia cordata, Asteraceae: Ageratum, Bidens pilosa, Chrysanthemum sp, Gerbera sp., Erigeron neomexicanus,, E. scaposus, Eupatorium glandulosum, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, Parthenium sp., Sonchus oleraceous, Taraxacum sp., Verbesina virginica, Xanthium pugens, Zinnia sp.; Avicenniaceae: Avicenna nitida Bignoniaceae: Catalpa sp.; Brassicaceae: Brassica sp.; Cannabidaceae: Cannabis sativa; Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera interrupta, Symphoricarpus racemosus; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas,; Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis metuliferus, C. sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo; Ericaceae: Gaultheria sp., Rhododendron arboreum, R. macrophyllum, Vaccinium corymbosum; Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp., E. pulcherissimma, Ricinus communis, Sapium sebiferum; Fabaceae: Glycine max, Phaseolus spp., Sesbania tripeti, Trifolium sp.; Fagaceae: Quercus sp.; Flouricaceae: Berberidopsis sp.; Geraniaceae: Pelargonium sp.; Gesneraceae: Achimenes sp.; Grossulariaceae: Ribes sanguineum; Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea sp., Philadelphus sp.; Iridaceae: Gladiolus sp.; Juglandaceae: Carya pecan; Lamiaceae: Coleus sp., Mentha spp., Ocimum basilicum, Salvia sp.; Lauraceae: Persea americana, Sassafras albidum; Magnoliaceae: Magnolia sp.; Malvaceae: Abutilon sp., Alcea rosea, Althaea sp. Assonia wallichii, Gossypium hirsutum, Hibiscus sp., Malvestrum coromandelianum; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus algeriensis, Myrtis communis, Psidium guajava; Oleaceae: Fraxinus sp., Jasminum stephanens, Olea europa; Onagraceae: Fuchsia sp.; Oxalidaceae: Oxalis sp.; Piperaceae: Piper methystichum; Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum eugenioides; Primulaceae; Primula sp., P. obconia,; Plumbaginaceae: Ceratostigma willmottianum; Ranunculaceae: Aquilegia sp., Clematis ligusticifolia; Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, C. veitchianus, Ceanothus sp., Rhamnus californica, R. crocea, R. purshiana; Rosaceae: Cotoneaster frigida, Fragaria x ananassa, Photinia arbutifolia, Prunus persicae, Pyrus communis, Rosa sp., Rubus sp.; Rubiaceae: Bouvardia sp., Gardenia sp.; Rutaceae: Citrus spp.; Saliaceae: Salix sp.; Sapinaceae: Dodonaea viscosa,; Sapotaceae: Argania sideroxylon; Scrophulariaceae: Digitalis sp.; Solanaceae: Atropa belladonna, Brunfelsia hopeana & B. mutabilis, Capsicum annuum, Cestrum parqui, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana glauca, Solanum carolinensis, Solanum tuberosum; Thymelaeaceae: Daphne cneorum; Verbenaceae: Aloysia triphylla, Lantana sp., Verbena bonarensis; Violaceae: Viola sp.; Zamiaceae: Dioon spinulosum Natural Enemies: Fungi: Acremonium sp. [Riba & Entscheva 1984], Aphanocladium album [Entscheva 1984], Aschersonia sp. A. aleyrodis [Morrill & Black 1912], A. confluens [Spasova et al 1980], A. flava [Spasova et al 1980], A. goldiana [Berger 1921], papillata [Feng et al 1983], A. placenta [Spasova et al 1980], Beauveria bassiana [Borisov & Vinokurova 1983], Fus arium verticillioides [Riba & Escheva 1984], Paecilomyces fumosoreus [Borisov & Kinokurova 1983], Trichothecium roseum [Riba & Escheva 1984], Verticellum fusisporum [Ekbom & Ahman 1980], Verticillum lecanii [Hussey 1958], Acarina: anystidae: Walzia australica [Carver & Reid 1996] Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinella transversalis [Carver & Reid1996], Coelphora inaequalis [Carver & Reid], Diomus notescens [Carver & Reid1996], Harmonia conformis [Carver & Reid1996] H. octomaculata [Carver & Reid1996], Micraspis frenata [Carver & Reid1996], Serangium nigripes [Carver & Reid1996], Stethorus vagans [Carver & Reid1996]; Melrydae: Dicrainolaus bellulus [Carver & Reid1996] Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Genus indet [Barnes 1930: 327] . Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia adusta [Schmidt et al 2001], E. bellotti [Evans & Castillo 1998], E. bimiculata [Schmidt et al 2001], E. costaricensis [Evans & Castillo 1998] E. formosa Gahan [Fulmek, 1943: 80], E. guadelupae [Viggiani 1993], E. hispida [Polaszek et al 1992], E. inaron [Polaszek et al 1992], E. japonica [Viggiani 1981], E. lutea [Chou et al 1996], E. luteola Howard [Gerling & Rivnay 1984, Myartseva & Yasnosh 1994, Fulmek, 1943: 80], E. lycopersici [Evans & Angulo 1996], E. nigrocephala [Evans & Polaszek 1998], E. oakeyensis [Schmidtr et al 2001], E. parteneopea Masi [Fulmek, 1943: 80], E. pergandiella Howard [Fulmek, 1943: 80], E. porteri [Polaszek et al 1992], E. protransvena [Schmidt et al 2001], E. quainteancei [Evans & Polaszek 1998, Polaszek et al 1992], E. sophia [Schmidt et al 2001, Huang & Polaszek 1998, Viggiani 1985, Hyatt 1998], E. synaptocera [Huang & Polaszek 1998], E. tricolor [Myartseva & Yanosh 1994, Viggiani 1987], E. ustulata [Schmidt et al 2001], Encarsia sp., Eretmocerus californicus [Gerling 1966], E. corni Haldeman, E. haldemani Howard, E. mundus [Myartseva & Yashnosh], E. warrae [De Barro et al 2000], Prospaltella sp., P. citrella Mercet, P. transversa Timberlake; Eulophidae: Euderophale sp. [De Barro et al 2000, Myartseva & Yanosh 1994]; Platygastridae: Amitus fuscipennis [Viggiani 1991, 1996], Pteromalidae: Moranila comperei (Ashmead) [Carver & Reid 1996]; Signiphoridae: Signophora aleyrodis Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Geocoris lubra [Carver & Reid1996]; Miridae: Campylomma liebknechti [Carver & Reid1996], Deraeocoris signatus [Carver & Reid1996] Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Mallada signata [Carver & Reid 1996] |
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Trialeurodes varia Quaintance & Baker Nomenclature:
Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico [J. M. Baker: 620] Host: Aceraceae: Acer mexicanum [Russell 1948: 30]; [Russell 1948: 30]; Caricaeae: Carica papaya [Quaintance 1900: 41] [NHM, London] ]; Euphorbiaceae: Manihot glaziovii [Russell 1948: 30]; Polygonaceae: Coccoloba floribunda [Russell 1948: 30]; Rubiaceae: Gardenia sp. [Russell 1948: 30]; Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi, C. reticulata [Russell, 1948: 30] Natural Enemies: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Leis conformis (Boisduval){Thompson 1964: 134] |
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Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) Nomenclature:
Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico [Russell 1948: 30], USA (FL) [Quaintance 1900: 41]; Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2005: 60], Brazil [Martin 2005: 60], Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador [Martin 2005: 60], Guatemala, Honduras [Russell 1948: 30]; Jamaica [NHM,London], Puerto Rico, St. Croix [Russell 1948: 30]; Trinidad [Corbett 1935: 245]; widely distributed across the Carribbean and Central America [Martin 2005: 60] Host: Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Martin 2005: 60], Hydrangeaceae: Philadelphus sp. [Sampson $ Drews, 1941: 179]; Rosaceae: ?Rosa sp. [Russell, 1948: 50]; Solanaceae: Datura sp. [Russell, 1948: 50] Natural Enemies: Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia bellotti Evans & Castillo [Evans & Castillo 1998: 171-178]; Platygastridae: Amitus macgowni Evans & Castillo [Evans & Castillo 1998: 171-178] |
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Trialeurodes vitrinellus (Cockerell) Nomenclature:
Distribution: Nearctic: Mexico [Martin 2005: 60], [Cockerell 1903: 241]; Neotropical: Belize [Martin 2005: 60], Costa Rica Host: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Martin 2005: 60], Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [Cockerell 1903: 241] [NHM, London] |
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Trialeurodes vittata (Quaintance) Nomenclature:
Distribution [Russell 1948: 59] [Quaintance 1900: 32]: Nearctic: USA (Ca) Host: Rhamnaciae: Rhamnus californica [Bemis 1904: 526]; Rosaceae: Crataegus coccinea [Russell 1948: 68]; Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Russell 1948: 68], Vitis sp. [NHM, London] |
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