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Dendrolaelaps

Family: Digamasellidae Evans

Dendrolaelaps Halbert, Dendrolaelaspis Lindquist, Dendroseius Karg

Diagnostic characters:

• Female with 4 pairs of setae on the sternal shield (st1 often in membranous area)

• 4 scleronoduli present

• Tibia I and genu I each with 5/3 dorsal/ ventral setae; genu IV with 7 setae, 4/1 dorsal/ ventral

• Sperm induction pore usually on leg III or IV, or at their base;

• Tectum usually with median subdorsal process and a pair of lateral tines

• Opisthonotal shield often with median anterior notch or incisions, sometimes with posterior horns; often capturing some of the R-series.

• Deutonymphs phoretic on insects.

Similar taxa.  See also Digamasellus Berlese,
Longoseius Chant.  Dendrolaelaps species and related digamasellids are small, subrectangular mites that resemble some Rhodacaridae and Ascidae. Rhodacarids retain the 6/4 dorsal/ ventral setation of tibia I, but Digamasellidae have 5/3 (as well as other reductions) and a distinctive tectum with a subdorsal median tine.  Ascine (e.g. Asca, Protogamasellus, Gamasellodes) and arctoseiine (e.g. Arctoseius) ascids also have 3 ventral setae on tibia I, but only 3 pairs of setae on their sternal shields, and lack an elongate median tine on their tecta.

Ecology & Distribution.  The species of Dendrolaelaps that have been studied are predators on small invertebrates such as nematodes and some feed on the eggs and larvae of bark beetles.  Some are free-living in soil, but many are associated with insects (e.g. sciarid flies, dung beetles, bark beetles) that are found in boles, logs, and other woody debris and their associated fungi.

Key to Adult Females of Rhodacarus-like Mites
(Rhodacaridae, Ologamasidae, Digamasellidae, Ascidae)

1.  Arthrodial process simple ..... 4

-   Arthrodial process produced as a brush .... 2

2.  Basitarsus IV with 4 setae (pl4 present) .... Pararhodacarus

-   Basitarsus IV with 3 setae (pl4 absent) ... 3

3.  Tectum with single median process or dentate .... Afrogamasellus

-   Tectum with median stalk y-shaped, usually with lateral tines ......... Afrodacarellus

4.  Scleronoduli present ........... 5

-   Scleronoduli absent ........... 10

5.  Tibia I with 4 ventral setae; palp apotele 3-tined ................ 6

-   Tibia I with 3 ventral setae; palp apotele 2-tined ................. 9

6.  3 scleronoduli (median unpaired);  j1-2, z1, and s1 on anterior margin of podonotal shield ............ 7

-   4 scleronoduli (median pair +/- fused);  j1 (but not j2), z1 and s1 on anterior margin of shield ........ 8

7.  Pretarsus I absent; without presternal platelets ................. Rhodacarus (+Mediorhodacarus)

-   Pretarsus I present; with 2 pairs of presternal platelets........................ Rhodacaropsis

8.  Podonotal shield entire ...................... Rhodacarellus

-   Podonotal shield divided between setae j3-j4; tectum denticulate-trifurcate .... Minirhodacarellus

9.  Tibia I with 5 (rarely 4) dorsal setae; 2 pairs of scleronoduli; sternal shield with 4 pairs of setae; anal opening normal ................................ Dendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae)

-   Tibia I with 6 dorsal setae; 3 scleronoduli; sternal shield with 3 pairs of setae (st4 in soft cuticle); anal opening enlarged ....................................... Protogamasellus mica Group (Ascidae)

10.  Sternal seta st4 on sternal shield .............. 11

-   Sternal  seta st4 in soft cuticle ................. 15

11.  Anal opening large; tibia I with 5 dorsal setae ............. Digamasellus (Digamasellidae)

-   Anal opening normal; tibia I with 6 dorsal setae ..................... 12

12.  Sternal shield strongly sclerotized throughout; tibia I with 4 ventral setae ....... Geogamasus (Ologamasidae)

-   Anterior region of sternal shield poorly sclerotized, setae st1 in soft or granulate cuticle; tibia I with 3 ventral setae ..................... 13

13.  Palp apotele 2-tined; coxa I without dorsal spine ..... 15

-      Palpapotele 3-tined: coxa I with dorsal spine ...... 14

14.   Presternal area granulate ................................ Protogamasellopsis

-     Presternal area with paired stacks of 4 presternal platelets ..... Rhodacarella

15.  Posterior margin of podonotal (at j6) and anterior margin of opisthonotal (at J1) shields with transverse lines; genu IV with 8 setae, tibia IV with 9 setae ......... Protogamasellus hibernicus Group (Ascidae)

-   Podonotal and opisthonotal shields without transverse lines; genu IV with 9 setae, tibia IV with 10 setae .......................................... Gamasellodes (Ascidae)

Diagnosis of Digamasellidae. Tan, pink to reddish dermanyssine mesostigmatans with subequal podonotal (18-23 pairs of setae) and opisthonotal (15-19 pairs of setae) shields, the latter sometimes with horn-like processes; 2 pairs of scleronoduli often present.  Peritremes short or long.  Female with entire sternal shield bearing 4 pairs of setae (st1-4) (st4 in soft cuticle in Longoseius) and 3 pairs of lyrifissures (stp1-2), anterior region usually +/- membranous; metasternal shields absent; genital shield usually trapezoidal to subrectangular and bearing 1 pair of setae; ventrianal shield broad,  bearing 2-6 pairs of ventral setae and 3 circumanal setae, sometimes fused to opisthonotal shield; anal opening sometimes enlarged (Digamasellus).  Tarsus I with claws; trochanter I with 6 setae; tibia and genu I each with 5/3 dorsal/ ventral setae; genu IV with 7 setae, 4/1 dorsal/ ventral.  Chelicerae chelate-dentate to serrate; movable digit without excrescences.  Palp genu with 6 setae, palp apotele 2-tined; corniculi horn-like (forked in some males).  Tritosternum biflagellate with columnar base.  Tectum with 2 subequal lateral tines and usually a median prong originating from the underside.  Female sperm induction pores on legs III or IV or at their bases.  Males with genital opening at base of tritosternum in sternogenital shield with st5 on separate or partially detached subtriangular plates; spermatodactyl usually S-shaped.

Key to genera of Digamasellidae

1.  Body extremely narrow and elongate, length 2.5-4 times width; trochanter III with 4 setae....................................................................................................... Longoseius

-   Body subrectangular to oval in shape; trochanter III with 5 setae............................... 2

2.  Scleronoduli present under podonotal shield between setae z5; anal opening normal; seta z3 present on podonotal shield.............................................................................................................................. 3

-   Scleronoduli absent; anal opening large; seta z3 absent from podonotal shield ......Digamasellus

3.  Movable digit of female usually with 4 or more teeth; subcapitulum with 5 rows of denticles   4

-   Movable digit of female with 3 teeth; subcapitulum with 6 rows of denticles........Dendroseius

4.  Opisthonotal shield truncate or bilobed posteriorly and often with several pairs of spatulate setae; setae j2 inserted well behind setae j1-z1 on podonotal shield.....................................................Dendrolaelaspis

-  Opisthonotal shield convex posteriorly and usually notched anteriorly; setae j2 more or less aligned with j1-z1 on podonotal shield ............................................................................... Dendrolaelaps

References

Kinn DN.  1984.  Life cycle of Dendrolaelaps neodisetus (Mesostigmata: Digamasellidae), a nematophagous mite associated with pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).  Environmental Entomology 13(4): 1141-1144

Lindquist EE. 1975. Digamasellus Berlese, 1905, and Dendrolaelaps Halbert, 1915, with descriptions of new taxa of Digamasellidae (Acarina : Mesostigmata). Canadian Entomologist 107: 1-43.

McGraw JR & Farrier MH.  1969.  Mites of the superfamily Parasitoidea (Acarina: Mesostigmata) associated with Dendroctonus and Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae.  North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Tech. Bull. No. 192.  162 pp.

Womersley, H. 1954. Two new species of mites (Acarina : Mesostigmata : Ascidae) associated with bark-boring beetles from South Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum 11: 113-116.