Horse flies, marsh flies

Code QD239999

The incomplete head capsule partially withdrawn into the anterior thorax, and posterior spiracles hidden in a posterior cavity sealed by a vertical slit allow recognition of tabanid larvae.

Furthermore, the cuticle is shiny and water-repelling (unlike the calcified cuticle of stratiomyids). Parapods may be present ( Tabanus ) or there are encircling bands of fine spines or tubercles. At high magnification a diagnostic brush of spines can sometimes be seen at the base of the mandible.

Tabanids are amongst the commoner of the "higher" Diptera in aquatic habitats. Most larvae are semi-aquatic, being found in marginal areas, such as inundated peaty soils, and riparian mud. Some species breed in tree holes, others in sand even on the sea shore. There are few breeding records in Australia, but in Europe Chrysopsinae are predominantly aquatic, Tabaninae are often surficial in mud and Haematopotini are more terrestrial, including marshy soil. Late instar larvae are predatory.